Real-rooted atlas

A128099: Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of ways to tile a 3 X n rectangle with k pieces of 2 X 2 tiles and 3n-4k pieces of 1 X 1 tiles (0 <= k <= floor(n/2)).

A128099 nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n: all roots real, in (−∞, 0] · coefficients of one sign · interlacing (weak) · Hadamard kernel basis map preserves real roots what this means

Recurrence from OEIS A128099
\(P_{n}(x) = \left(1\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(2\,x\right)\,P_{n-2}(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)
\(P_{1}(x) = 1\)

Rows ?

nx0x1x2x3Pn(1)
011
111
2123
3145
416411
5181221
611024843
7112403285

Show all 15 stored rows

Generated b-files: A128099, A283642 (row sums) ?

Computed in your browser ?

Other recurrences

Reversed rows · proved equal for all n (proof step)

\(\left(n\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(-4\,x + n + 4\,n x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(-x - 8\,x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-1}'(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)

Γ-polynomial · proved equal for all n (proof step)

\(P_{n}(x) = \left(1\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(2\,x\right)\,P_{n-2}(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)
\(P_{1}(x) = 1\)
Technical details
Node id
n-e3d901814302c059 · revision 2 · JSON
Definition source
oeis_catalog:A128099
derived:reversal (equal by e-9dd90579e209f20b)
derived:gamma_polynomial (equal by e-46106635735db081)
Fingerprint
f6-8878718b641e7f5c

Observed on the stored rows ?

  • Degrees: 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7 (half affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
  • Palindromic rows: no
  • γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
  • Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
  • Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

OEIS matches ?

A generated b-file is computed from the node's definition along the row alignment of its OEIS link and starts at the entry's offset. It is an identification on a finite prefix, not a proof that the node and the OEIS entry agree for every n.

OEIS submission text ?

Fields to paste into an OEIS submission: the example %e, the formula %F and programs %t (Mathematica) and %o (PARI/GP) that list the same rows. For an OEIS link the row numbers, the offset and the orientation are those of the entry, as matched; the matched terms were compared with the published ones, which identifies the node with the entry on a finite prefix, not for every n. The PARI/GP program is not machine-checked here.

The atlas's own rows: n = 0, …, ascending powers of x
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 1;
  2: 1,  2;
  3: 1,  4;
  4: 1,  6,  4;
  5: 1,  8, 12;
  6: 1, 10, 24,   8;
  7: 1, 12, 40,  32;
  8: 1, 14, 60,  80, 16;
  9: 1, 16, 84, 160, 80;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = P(n-1,x) + 2*x*P(n-2,x) for n >= 2, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[1, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[P[n - 1, x] + 2*x*P[n - 2, x]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 1; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = v[i - 1] + 2*x*v[i - 2]); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

A128099: triangle, offset 0, from the row P0
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 1;
  2: 1,  2;
  3: 1,  4;
  4: 1,  6,  4;
  5: 1,  8, 12;
  6: 1, 10, 24,   8;
  7: 1, 12, 40,  32;
  8: 1, 14, 60,  80, 16;
  9: 1, 16, 84, 160, 80;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = P(n-1,x) + 2*x*P(n-2,x) for n >= 2, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[1, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[P[n - 1, x] + 2*x*P[n - 2, x]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 1; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = v[i - 1] + 2*x*v[i - 2]); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

Proved properties

  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-250eeed7ad07d148, e-6b9d711da9b2e815, e-7c3667820056c57c
  • Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
    All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-250eeed7ad07d148, e-6b9d711da9b2e815, e-7c3667820056c57c
  • Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
    Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-250eeed7ad07d148, e-6b9d711da9b2e815, e-7c3667820056c57c
  • Interlacing of consecutive rows. Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, previous interlaces next) for every m >= 1
    The roots of consecutive polynomials alternate on the real line.
    by the cited steps: e-7c3667820056c57c
  • Basis map preserves real-rootedness. Basis map u^k -> P_k sends roots in (-inf, 0] to roots in (-inf, 0]: every PF input has a real-rooted image with every root <= -c/b = 0
    The linear map sending x^k to the k-th polynomial of the sequence turns polynomials with roots in one interval into real-rooted ones.
    by the cited steps: e-70173e467e16020f
  • Basis map preserves real-rootedness. Basis map u^k -> P_k sends roots in (-inf, 0] to roots in (-inf, 0]: every PF input has a PF image (zero allowed)
    The linear map sending x^k to the k-th polynomial of the sequence turns polynomials with roots in one interval into real-rooted ones.
    by the cited steps: e-70173e467e16020f

Proof chains

6 incoming proof steps. Each step is expanded back to the roots of the proof DAG, the theorem checks of a node's own rule. JSON

Used in 13 proof steps

Same fingerprint (1)

Equal up to content, sign, reversal and a small index shift.

References

  1. [Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
  2. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
  3. [MW08] Shi-Mei Ma and Yi Wang. q-Eulerian polynomials and polynomials with only real zeros. The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 15(1):Research Paper 17, January 2008. doi:10.37236/741