A028313 → basis A008277

nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n all roots real, in (−∞, 0]coefficients of one sign Hadamard kernel

Recurrence

\(\left(-2 + n\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(-4 - 2\,x + 2\,n + n x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(-2\,x + n x\right)\,P_{n-1}'(x)\)

\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)

\(P_{1}(x) = 2 + x\)

\(P_{2}(x) = 7 + 8\,x + x^{2}\)

Rows ?

n	x⁰	x¹	x²	x³	x⁴	x⁵	x⁶	x⁷	x⁸	x⁹	x¹⁰	x¹¹	x¹²	x¹³	x¹⁴	P_n(1)
0	1															1
1	2	1														3
2	7	8	1													16
3	14	31	12	1												58
4	28	107	79	17	1											232
5	56	349	423	164	23	1										1016
6	112	1103	2041	1243	302	30	1									4832
7	224	3421	9267	8256	3055	512	38	1								24774
8	448	10487	40489	50547	26586	6639	816	47	1							136060
9	896	31909	172443	293224	210063	73059	13167	1239	57	1						796058
10	1792	96623	721681	1638563	1553602	721476	178395	24318	1809	68	1					4938328
11	3584	291661	2983347	8914496	10960175	6603934	2148636	397257	42408	2557	80	1				32348136
12	7168	878567	12225049	47555827	74675546	57187713	23793022	5723949	821337	70535	3517	93	1			222942324
13	14336	2642869	49778763	250004184	495609103	474989537	247531889	75308563	13937319	1597222	112739	4726	107	1		1611531358
14	28672	7942943	201757921	1299799683	3223658802	3820535862	2455244649	925308956	214681753	31506761	2950090	174177	6224	122	1	12183596616

Technical details

Node id: n-ff3a85922bdb8d5b · revision 0 · JSON
Definition source: derived:basis_map_A008277
Fingerprint: f6-1bae81f0b6dbc75a

Observed on the stored rows ?

Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
Palindromic rows: no
γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

Matches ?

No OEIS matches.

Submission text ?

Atlas rows n = 0, …, ascending powers of x

%e Example

Triangle begins:
  0:   1;
  1:   2,     1;
  2:   7,     8,      1;
  3:  14,    31,     12,      1;
  4:  28,   107,     79,     17,      1;
  5:  56,   349,    423,    164,     23,     1;
  6: 112,  1103,   2041,   1243,    302,    30,     1;
  7: 224,  3421,   9267,   8256,   3055,   512,    38,    1;
  8: 448, 10487,  40489,  50547,  26586,  6639,   816,   47,  1;
  9: 896, 31909, 172443, 293224, 210063, 73059, 13167, 1239, 57, 1;

%F Formula

The row polynomials satisfy (n-2)*P(n,x) = (2*n-4+(n-2)*x)*P(n-1,x) + (n-2)*x*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 3, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 2 + x, P(2,x) = 7 + 8*x + x^2.

%t Mathematica

P[0, x_] := 1;
P[1, x_] := 2 + x;
P[2, x_] := 7 + 8*x + x^2;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((2*n - 4 + (n - 2)*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (n - 2)*x*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(n - 2)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten

%o PARI/GP

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 2 + x; v[3] = 7 + 8*x + x^2; for(n = 3, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((2*n - 4 + (n - 2)*x)*v[i - 1] + (n - 2)*x*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(n - 2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

polytool c48629374597

Properties

Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0]
by Ray basis map theorem
Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
derived from Ray basis map theorem
Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
derived from Ray basis map theorem

Proof chains ? JSON

Ray basis map theorem [MW08, Thm 2] polytool RealRooted rayBasisMap_maps_realRootedIn_iff ? step ›
- from Elements in the 5-Pascal triangle (by row).?
  - Liu–Wang theorem [LW07, Thm 2.1, Cor 2.4] ? step › direct check
  - Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check

References

[Bra06] Petter Brändén. On linear transformations preserving the Pólya frequency property. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 358(8):3697–3716, February 2006. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-06-03856-6
[Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
[LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
[MW08] Shi-Mei Ma and Yi Wang. q-Eulerian polynomials and polynomials with only real zeros. The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 15(1):Research Paper 17, January 2008. doi:10.37236/741
[SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.