Real-rooted atlas

A257618: Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = t(n-k, k); t(n,m) = f(m)*t(n-1,m) + f(n)*t(n,m-1), where f(x) = 8*x + 2.

A257618 palindromic γ-positive nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n: all roots real, in (−∞, 0) · coefficients of one sign · interlacing (weak) · Hadamard kernel what this means

Recurrence from OEIS A257618
\(P_{n}(x) = \left(2 - 6\,x + 8\,n x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(8\,x - 8\,x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-1}'(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)

Rows ?

nx0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x10x11x12x13x14Pn(1)
011
1224
2440448
384724728960
41649281699249281626880
532498244339844339844982432967680
66449958495057282256716895057284995846442577920
7128499904019208563290994112090994112019208563249990401282214051840
8256499978243707493376317260656646187599616031726065664370749337649997824256132843110400
9512499995136696347545601010252376064343627862732834362786273281010252376064696347545604999951365129033331507200
101024499998924812864252610563030537754214416734609213235228864740469555216734609213235230305377542144128642526105649999892481024686533194547200
11204849999976448235256539033608728438833254407447479029944320204904956038307842049049560383078474474790299443208728438833254402352565390336049999976448204857668788341964800
124096499999948800427561768329216244348393553100803108219833175859201292554599097663488204904956038307840012925545990976634883108219833175859202443483935531008042756176832921649999994880040965305528527460761600
1381924999999889408774111182531788867036588824105779212376125545090867200748015440610625372161774206447668184023041774206447668184023047480154406106253721612376125545090867200670365888241057792774111182531788849999998894088192530552852746076160000
141638449999999762432139830012844883968181262131585461125124757582713688562237444057498140901350735872138079341463710475714562058079479295093466726413807934146371047571456405749814090135073587247575827136885622374418126213158546112512139830012844883968499999997624321638457299708096576225280000

Generated b-files: A144828 (row sums), A257618, A257618 (reversed triangle) ?

Computed in your browser ?

Technical details
Node id
n-fb16da45c5e69d3d · revision 1 · JSON
Definition source
oeis_catalog:A257618
Fingerprint
f6-127028c66ab36cef

Observed on the stored rows ?

  • Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
  • Palindromic rows: yes
  • γ-positive (gamma_positive): yes
  • Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
  • Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

OEIS matches ?

A generated b-file is computed from the node's definition along the row alignment of its OEIS link and starts at the entry's offset. It is an identification on a finite prefix, not a proof that the node and the OEIS entry agree for every n.

OEIS submission text ?

Fields to paste into an OEIS submission: the example %e, the formula %F and programs %t (Mathematica) and %o (PARI/GP) that list the same rows. For an OEIS link the row numbers, the offset and the orientation are those of the entry, as matched; the matched terms were compared with the published ones, which identifies the node with the entry on a finite prefix, not for every n. The PARI/GP program is not machine-checked here.

The atlas's own rows: n = 0, …, ascending powers of x
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0:   1;
  1:   2,         2;
  2:   4,        40,           4;
  3:   8,       472,         472,             8;
  4:  16,      4928,       16992,          4928,            16;
  5:  32,     49824,      433984,        433984,         49824,            32;
  6:  64,    499584,     9505728,      22567168,       9505728,        499584,            64;
  7: 128,   4999040,   192085632,     909941120,     909941120,     192085632,       4999040,         128;
  8: 256,  49997824,  3707493376,   31726065664,   61875996160,   31726065664,    3707493376,    49997824,       256;
  9: 512, 499995136, 69634754560, 1010252376064, 3436278627328, 3436278627328, 1010252376064, 69634754560, 499995136, 512;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = (2+(8*n-6)*x)*P(n-1,x) + (8*x-8*x^2)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(2 + (8*n - 6)*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (8*x - 8*x^2)*D[P[n - 1, x], x]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (2 + (8*n - 6)*x)*v[i - 1] + (8*x - 8*x^2)*deriv(v[i - 1], x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

A257618: triangle, offset 0, from the row P0
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0:   1;
  1:   2,         2;
  2:   4,        40,           4;
  3:   8,       472,         472,             8;
  4:  16,      4928,       16992,          4928,            16;
  5:  32,     49824,      433984,        433984,         49824,            32;
  6:  64,    499584,     9505728,      22567168,       9505728,        499584,            64;
  7: 128,   4999040,   192085632,     909941120,     909941120,     192085632,       4999040,         128;
  8: 256,  49997824,  3707493376,   31726065664,   61875996160,   31726065664,    3707493376,    49997824,       256;
  9: 512, 499995136, 69634754560, 1010252376064, 3436278627328, 3436278627328, 1010252376064, 69634754560, 499995136, 512;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = (2+(8*n-6)*x)*P(n-1,x) + (8*x-8*x^2)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(2 + (8*n - 6)*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (8*x - 8*x^2)*D[P[n - 1, x], x]];
Table[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n + 1], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (2 + (8*n - 6)*x)*v[i - 1] + (8*x - 8*x^2)*deriv(v[i - 1], x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n + 1 - #c)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

A257618: reversed triangle, offset 0, from the row P0
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0:   1;
  1:   2,         2;
  2:   4,        40,           4;
  3:   8,       472,         472,             8;
  4:  16,      4928,       16992,          4928,            16;
  5:  32,     49824,      433984,        433984,         49824,            32;
  6:  64,    499584,     9505728,      22567168,       9505728,        499584,            64;
  7: 128,   4999040,   192085632,     909941120,     909941120,     192085632,       4999040,         128;
  8: 256,  49997824,  3707493376,   31726065664,   61875996160,   31726065664,    3707493376,    49997824,       256;
  9: 512, 499995136, 69634754560, 1010252376064, 3436278627328, 3436278627328, 1010252376064, 69634754560, 499995136, 512;
%F Formula
Row n lists the coefficients of P(n,x) in descending powers of x, where P(n,x) = (2+(8*n-6)*x)*P(n-1,x) + (8*x-8*x^2)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(2 + (8*n - 6)*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (8*x - 8*x^2)*D[P[n - 1, x], x]];
Table[Reverse[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n + 1]], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (2 + (8*n - 6)*x)*v[i - 1] + (8*x - 8*x^2)*deriv(v[i - 1], x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n + 1 - #c)); c = Vecrev(c); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

Proved properties

  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0)
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-9fe79b4a02dbc9c6
  • Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
    All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-9fe79b4a02dbc9c6
  • Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
    Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-9fe79b4a02dbc9c6
  • Interlacing of consecutive rows. Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, previous interlaces next) for every m >= 1
    The roots of consecutive polynomials alternate on the real line.
    by the cited steps: e-9fe79b4a02dbc9c6

Proof chains

1 incoming proof step. Each step is expanded back to the roots of the proof DAG, the theorem checks of a node's own rule. JSON

Used in 3 proof steps

Same fingerprint (1)

Equal up to content, sign, reversal and a small index shift.

References

  1. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003