A034867 → θ+1

nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n all roots real, in (−∞, 0]coefficients of one sign Hadamard kernel

Recurrence

\(\left(-2\,n + n^{2} x + n^{3} x\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(-2 + 4\,x - 2\,x^{2} - 2\,n - 3\,n x - n x^{2} + 2\,n^{2} x + 2\,n^{2} x^{2} + n^{3} x + n^{3} x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(-4\,x + 8\,x^{2} - 4\,x^{3} + 6\,n x^{2} - 6\,n x^{3} + 2\,n^{2} x^{2} - 2\,n^{2} x^{3}\right)\,P_{n-1}'(x)\)

\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)

Rows ?

n	x⁰	x¹	x²	x³	x⁴	x⁵	x⁶	x⁷	P_n(1)
0	1								1
1	2								2
2	3	2							5
3	4	8							12
4	5	20	3						28
5	6	40	18						64
6	7	70	63	4					144
7	8	112	168	32					320
8	9	168	378	144	5				704
9	10	240	756	480	50				1536
10	11	330	1386	1320	275	6			3328
11	12	440	2376	3168	1100	72			7168
12	13	572	3861	6864	3575	468	7		15360
13	14	728	6006	13728	10010	2184	98		32768
14	15	910	9009	25740	25025	8190	735	8	69632

Technical details

Node id: n-84017662cec584dd · revision 0 · JSON
Definition source: derived:theta_plus_one
Fingerprint: f6-49176c5aecdbb25b

Observed on the stored rows ?

Degrees: 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7 (half affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
Palindromic rows: no
γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

Matches ?

No OEIS matches.

Submission text ?

Atlas rows n = 0, …, ascending powers of x

%e Example

Triangle begins:
  0:  1;
  1:  2;
  2:  3,   2;
  3:  4,   8;
  4:  5,  20,   3;
  5:  6,  40,  18;
  6:  7,  70,  63,   4;
  7:  8, 112, 168,  32;
  8:  9, 168, 378, 144,  5;
  9: 10, 240, 756, 480, 50;

%F Formula

The row polynomials satisfy -(2*n-(n^3+n^2)*x)*P(n,x) = -(2*n+2-(n^3+2*n^2-3*n+4)*x-(n^3+2*n^2-n-2)*x^2)*P(n-1,x) - (4*x-(2*n^2+6*n+8)*x^2+(2*n^2+6*n+4)*x^3)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.

%t Mathematica

P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[(-(2*n + 2 - (n^3 + 2*n^2 - 3*n + 4)*x - (n^3 + 2*n^2 - n - 2)*x^2)*P[n - 1, x] - (4*x - (2*n^2 + 6*n + 8)*x^2 + (2*n^2 + 6*n + 4)*x^3)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(-2*n + (n^3 + n^2)*x)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten

%o PARI/GP

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (-(2*n + 2 - (n^3 + 2*n^2 - 3*n + 4)*x - (n^3 + 2*n^2 - n - 2)*x^2)*v[i - 1] - (4*x - (2*n^2 + 6*n + 8)*x^2 + (2*n^2 + 6*n + 4)*x^3)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(-2*n + (n^3 + n^2)*x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

polytool c48629374597

Properties

Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0]
by Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences
Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
derived from Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences
Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
derived from Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences

Proof chains ? JSON

Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601] polytool ? step ›
- from Triangle of odd-numbered terms in rows of Pascal's triangle.?
  - Liu–Wang theorem for three-term recurrences [LW07, Thm 2.1, Thm 2.3, Cor 2.4, Prop 3.3] polytool ? step › direct check
  - Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›
    
    from Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of binary words of length n with k strictly increasing runs, for 0<=k<=n.?
    
    Liu–Wang theorem for three-term recurrences [LW07, Thm 2.1, Thm 2.3, Cor 2.4, Prop 3.3] polytool ? step › direct check

Related ?

Same fingerprint ?

References

[Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
[LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
[SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.