Real-rooted atlas

A257619: Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = t(n-k, k); t(n,m) = f(m)*t(n-1,m) + f(n)*t(n,m-1), where f(x) = 9*x + 2.

A257619 palindromic γ-positive nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n: all roots real, in (−∞, 0) · coefficients of one sign · interlacing (weak) · Hadamard kernel what this means

Recurrence from OEIS A257619
\(P_{n}(x) = \left(2 - 7\,x + 9\,n x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(9\,x - 9\,x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-1}'(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)

Rows ?

nx0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7Pn(1)
011
1224
2444452
3856456481144
41664362256064361635464
5327140463784463784471404321418560
6647869481547023236994952154702327869486469509440
712886600123463911961660722424166072242434639119686600121284031547520

Show all 15 stored rows

Generated b-files: A144829 (row sums), A257619, A257619 (reversed triangle) ?

Computed in your browser ?

Technical details
Node id
n-6a6e9e081117dc37 · revision 1 · JSON
Definition source
oeis_catalog:A257619
Fingerprint
f6-1b04ca4a6cf48070

Observed on the stored rows ?

  • Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
  • Palindromic rows: yes
  • γ-positive (gamma_positive): yes
  • Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
  • Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

OEIS matches ?

A generated b-file is computed from the node's definition along the row alignment of its OEIS link and starts at the entry's offset. It is an identification on a finite prefix, not a proof that the node and the OEIS entry agree for every n.

OEIS submission text ?

Fields to paste into an OEIS submission: the example %e, the formula %F and programs %t (Mathematica) and %o (PARI/GP) that list the same rows. For an OEIS link the row numbers, the offset and the orientation are those of the entry, as matched; the matched terms were compared with the published ones, which identifies the node with the entry on a finite prefix, not for every n. The PARI/GP program is not machine-checked here.

The atlas's own rows: n = 0, …, ascending powers of x
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0:   1;
  1:   2,          2;
  2:   4,         44,            4;
  3:   8,        564,          564,             8;
  4:  16,       6436,        22560,          6436,            16;
  5:  32,      71404,       637844,        637844,         71404,            32;
  6:  64,     786948,     15470232,      36994952,      15470232,        786948,            64;
  7: 128,    8660012,    346391196,    1660722424,    1660722424,     346391196,       8660012,          128;
  8: 256,   95268452,   7412784592,   64441336508,  126214904224,   64441336508,    7412784592,     95268452,        256;
  9: 512, 1047971916, 154448141220, 2283914695884, 7824909176388, 7824909176388, 2283914695884, 154448141220, 1047971916, 512;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = (2+(9*n-7)*x)*P(n-1,x) + (9*x-9*x^2)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(2 + (9*n - 7)*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (9*x - 9*x^2)*D[P[n - 1, x], x]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (2 + (9*n - 7)*x)*v[i - 1] + (9*x - 9*x^2)*deriv(v[i - 1], x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

A257619: triangle, offset 0, from the row P0
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0:   1;
  1:   2,          2;
  2:   4,         44,            4;
  3:   8,        564,          564,             8;
  4:  16,       6436,        22560,          6436,            16;
  5:  32,      71404,       637844,        637844,         71404,            32;
  6:  64,     786948,     15470232,      36994952,      15470232,        786948,            64;
  7: 128,    8660012,    346391196,    1660722424,    1660722424,     346391196,       8660012,          128;
  8: 256,   95268452,   7412784592,   64441336508,  126214904224,   64441336508,    7412784592,     95268452,        256;
  9: 512, 1047971916, 154448141220, 2283914695884, 7824909176388, 7824909176388, 2283914695884, 154448141220, 1047971916, 512;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = (2+(9*n-7)*x)*P(n-1,x) + (9*x-9*x^2)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(2 + (9*n - 7)*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (9*x - 9*x^2)*D[P[n - 1, x], x]];
Table[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n + 1], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (2 + (9*n - 7)*x)*v[i - 1] + (9*x - 9*x^2)*deriv(v[i - 1], x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n + 1 - #c)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

A257619: reversed triangle, offset 0, from the row P0
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0:   1;
  1:   2,          2;
  2:   4,         44,            4;
  3:   8,        564,          564,             8;
  4:  16,       6436,        22560,          6436,            16;
  5:  32,      71404,       637844,        637844,         71404,            32;
  6:  64,     786948,     15470232,      36994952,      15470232,        786948,            64;
  7: 128,    8660012,    346391196,    1660722424,    1660722424,     346391196,       8660012,          128;
  8: 256,   95268452,   7412784592,   64441336508,  126214904224,   64441336508,    7412784592,     95268452,        256;
  9: 512, 1047971916, 154448141220, 2283914695884, 7824909176388, 7824909176388, 2283914695884, 154448141220, 1047971916, 512;
%F Formula
Row n lists the coefficients of P(n,x) in descending powers of x, where P(n,x) = (2+(9*n-7)*x)*P(n-1,x) + (9*x-9*x^2)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(2 + (9*n - 7)*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (9*x - 9*x^2)*D[P[n - 1, x], x]];
Table[Reverse[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n + 1]], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (2 + (9*n - 7)*x)*v[i - 1] + (9*x - 9*x^2)*deriv(v[i - 1], x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n + 1 - #c)); c = Vecrev(c); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

Proved properties

  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0)
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-56de0822e00a89e3
  • Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
    All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-56de0822e00a89e3
  • Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
    Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-56de0822e00a89e3
  • Interlacing of consecutive rows. Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, previous interlaces next) for every m >= 1
    The roots of consecutive polynomials alternate on the real line.
    by the cited steps: e-56de0822e00a89e3

Proof chains

1 incoming proof step. Each step is expanded back to the roots of the proof DAG, the theorem checks of a node's own rule. JSON

Used in 3 proof steps

No candidate equalities or related sequences.

References

  1. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003