Real-rooted atlas

A216973: Exponential Riordan array [x*exp(x),x].

A007318 → D

A216973 palindromic γ-positive nonnegative coefficients only rational roots

Proved for all n: all roots real, in (−∞, −1] · coefficients of one sign · interlacing (weak) · Hadamard kernel what this means

Recurrence from OEIS A216973
\(P_{n}(x) = \left(2 + 2\,x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(-1 - 2\,x - x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-2}(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 0\)
\(P_{1}(x) = 1\)

Rows ?

nx0x1x2x3x4x5x6Pn(1)
00
111
2224
336312
441212432
55203020580
66306060306192
7742105140105427448

Show all 15 stored rows

Generated b-files: A001787 (row sums), A003506, A003506 (reversed triangle) ?

Computed in your browser ?

Other recurrences

X ↦ x+1 substitution · proved equal for all n (proof step)

\(\left(-1 + n\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(n + n x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 0\)
\(P_{1}(x) = 1\)
Technical details
Node id
n-308cf60736924b4c · revision 3 · JSON
Definition source
oeis_catalog:A216973
derived:shift_x_plus_one (equal by e-31b43440692d4721)
Fingerprint
f6-77a7ed3b1d5f257e

Observed on the stored rows ?

  • Degrees: -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 (affine: slope 1, intercept -1)
  • Palindromic rows: yes
  • γ-positive (gamma_positive): yes
  • Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
  • Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): yes

OEIS matches ?

A generated b-file is computed from the node's definition along the row alignment of its OEIS link and starts at the entry's offset. It is an identification on a finite prefix, not a proof that the node and the OEIS entry agree for every n.

OEIS submission text ?

Fields to paste into an OEIS submission: the example %e, the formula %F and programs %t (Mathematica) and %o (PARI/GP) that list the same rows. For an OEIS link the row numbers, the offset and the orientation are those of the entry, as matched; the matched terms were compared with the published ones, which identifies the node with the entry on a finite prefix, not for every n. The PARI/GP program is not machine-checked here.

The atlas's own rows: n = 0, …, ascending powers of x
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0: 0;
  1: 1;
  2: 2,  2;
  3: 3,  6,   3;
  4: 4, 12,  12,   4;
  5: 5, 20,  30,  20,   5;
  6: 6, 30,  60,  60,  30,   6;
  7: 7, 42, 105, 140, 105,  42,   7;
  8: 8, 56, 168, 280, 280, 168,  56,  8;
  9: 9, 72, 252, 504, 630, 504, 252, 72, 9;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = (2+2*x)*P(n-1,x) - (1+2*x+x^2)*P(n-2,x) for n >= 2, with P(0,x) = 0, P(1,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 0;
P[1, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(2 + 2*x)*P[n - 1, x] - (1 + 2*x + x^2)*P[n - 2, x]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 0; v[2] = 1; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (2 + 2*x)*v[i - 1] - (1 + 2*x + x^2)*v[i - 2]); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

A003506: triangle, offset 1, from the row P1
%e Example
Triangle begins:
   1:  1;
   2:  2,  2;
   3:  3,  6,   3;
   4:  4, 12,  12,   4;
   5:  5, 20,  30,  20,    5;
   6:  6, 30,  60,  60,   30,    6;
   7:  7, 42, 105, 140,  105,   42,   7;
   8:  8, 56, 168, 280,  280,  168,  56,   8;
   9:  9, 72, 252, 504,  630,  504, 252,  72,  9;
  10: 10, 90, 360, 840, 1260, 1260, 840, 360, 90, 10;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = (2+2*x)*P(n-1,x) - (1+2*x+x^2)*P(n-2,x) for n >= 3, with P(1,x) = 1, P(2,x) = 2 + 2*x.
%t Mathematica
P[1, x_] := 1;
P[2, x_] := 2 + 2*x;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(2 + 2*x)*P[n - 1, x] - (1 + 2*x + x^2)*P[n - 2, x]];
Table[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n], {n, 1, 10}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 2 + 2*x; for(n = 3, N, my(i = n); v[i] = (2 + 2*x)*v[i - 1] - (1 + 2*x + x^2)*v[i - 2]); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n - #c)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i, v[i])))};
T(10)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

A003506: reversed triangle, offset 1, from the row P1
%e Example
Triangle begins:
   1:  1;
   2:  2,  2;
   3:  3,  6,   3;
   4:  4, 12,  12,   4;
   5:  5, 20,  30,  20,    5;
   6:  6, 30,  60,  60,   30,    6;
   7:  7, 42, 105, 140,  105,   42,   7;
   8:  8, 56, 168, 280,  280,  168,  56,   8;
   9:  9, 72, 252, 504,  630,  504, 252,  72,  9;
  10: 10, 90, 360, 840, 1260, 1260, 840, 360, 90, 10;
%F Formula
Row n lists the coefficients of P(n,x) in descending powers of x, where P(n,x) = (2+2*x)*P(n-1,x) - (1+2*x+x^2)*P(n-2,x) for n >= 3, with P(1,x) = 1, P(2,x) = 2 + 2*x.
%t Mathematica
P[1, x_] := 1;
P[2, x_] := 2 + 2*x;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(2 + 2*x)*P[n - 1, x] - (1 + 2*x + x^2)*P[n - 2, x]];
Table[Reverse[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n]], {n, 1, 10}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 2 + 2*x; for(n = 3, N, my(i = n); v[i] = (2 + 2*x)*v[i - 1] - (1 + 2*x + x^2)*v[i - 2]); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n - #c)); c = Vecrev(c); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i, v[i])))};
T(10)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

Proved properties

  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-e846abf2e486a264, e-fea26a85ffb08669
  • Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
    All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-b21ed9aa36fa01d5, e-e846abf2e486a264, e-fea26a85ffb08669
  • Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
    Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-b21ed9aa36fa01d5, e-e846abf2e486a264, e-fea26a85ffb08669
  • Interlacing of consecutive rows. Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, unordered) for every m >= 1
    The roots of consecutive polynomials alternate on the real line.
    by the cited steps: e-e846abf2e486a264, e-fea26a85ffb08669
  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, -1]
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-b21ed9aa36fa01d5
  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 1, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, -1]
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-ad91514e27294b92
  • Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 1: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
    All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-18d4576ff990601c, e-ad91514e27294b92
  • Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 1, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
    Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-18d4576ff990601c, e-ad91514e27294b92
  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 1, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-18d4576ff990601c

Proof chains

6 incoming proof steps. Each step is expanded back to the roots of the proof DAG, the theorem checks of a node's own rule. JSON

Used in 7 proof steps

Same fingerprint (59)

Equal up to content, sign, reversal and a small index shift.

References

  1. [ASW52] Michael Aissen, I. J. Schoenberg and A. M. Whitney. On the generating functions of totally positive sequences I. Journal d’Analyse Mathématique, 2(1):93–103, 1952. doi:10.1007/BF02786970
  2. [AW24] Christos A. Athanasiadis and David G. Wagner. Veronese sections and interlacing matrices of polynomials and formal power series. arXiv:2404.12989. arXiv
  3. [Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
  4. [Edr53] Albert Edrei. Proof of a Conjecture of Schoenberg on the Generating Function of a Totally Positive Sequence. Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 5:86–94, 1953. doi:10.4153/CJM-1953-010-3
  5. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
  6. [MW08] Shi-Mei Ma and Yi Wang. q-Eulerian polynomials and polynomials with only real zeros. The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 15(1):Research Paper 17, January 2008. doi:10.37236/741
  7. [SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.