A128813: Triangle of coefficients of (x+1)*(x+3)*(x+6)*...*(x+n(n+1)/2).

A128813 nonnegative coefficients only rational roots

Proved for all n: all roots real, in (−∞, 0) · coefficients of one sign · interlacing (weak) · Hadamard kernel what this means

Recurrence from OEIS A128813
\(P_{n}(x) = \left(1 + \frac{1}{2}\,n x + \frac{1}{2}\,n^{2} x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)

Rows ?

nx0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x10x11x12x13x14Pn(1)
011
1112
21438
3110271856
4120127288180616
51354272193450027009856
6156116211160505539720056700216832
71842730436963630331512684277830015876006288128
8112057541419761936089145818725723492410160640057153600232660736
9116511154400906832500910170587771341916426771779804629441600257191200010702393856
10122020229101437630374839559581372630724239941915232000151874230500257191200000141455160000599334055936
1112863474923494909732365525643207464323961295145819323033429182795425001028089041300017116074360000933604056000040155381747712
1213645705750599122805838751015556583624325663113938308830405123865735150855223790669472800081902552657400013443898406400007282111636800003172275158069248
1314559018110252099741035867356886984611167413122215259672364741613872677081951443755725682006232224685347468220007587571275887400012306768666192000066267215894880000291849314542370816
14156013795619721104181750626211349746449649147264606201485456143067363113827537982049444188350424963524168197313574763602435071861175184000809001752634369000012988374315396480000695805766896240000030936027341491306496

Generated b-files: A128813, A128814 (row sums) ?

Computed in your browser ?

Technical details
Node id
n-ecd77b030b8fab94 · revision 1 · JSON
Definition source
oeis_catalog:A128813
Fingerprint
f6-b22b54c97373a52a

Observed on the stored rows ?

  • Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
  • Palindromic rows: no
  • γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
  • Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
  • Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): yes

OEIS matches ?

A generated b-file is computed from the node's definition along the row alignment of its OEIS link and starts at the entry's offset. It is an identification on a finite prefix, not a proof that the node and the OEIS entry agree for every n.

OEIS submission text ?

Fields to paste into an OEIS submission: the example %e, the formula %F and programs %t (Mathematica) and %o (PARI/GP) that list the same rows. For an OEIS link the row numbers, the offset and the orientation are those of the entry, as matched; the matched terms were compared with the published ones, which identifies the node with the entry on a finite prefix, not for every n. The PARI/GP program is not machine-checked here.

The atlas's own rows: n = 0, …, ascending powers of x
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 1,   1;
  2: 1,   4,     3;
  3: 1,  10,    27,     18;
  4: 1,  20,   127,    288,     180;
  5: 1,  35,   427,   2193,    4500,      2700;
  6: 1,  56,  1162,  11160,   50553,     97200,     56700;
  7: 1,  84,  2730,  43696,  363033,   1512684,   2778300,    1587600;
  8: 1, 120,  5754, 141976, 1936089,  14581872,  57234924,  101606400,   57153600;
  9: 1, 165, 11154, 400906, 8325009, 101705877, 713419164, 2677177980, 4629441600, 2571912000;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = (1+((1/2)*n^2+(1/2)*n)*x)*P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(1 + ((1/2)*n^2 + (1/2)*n)*x)*P[n - 1, x]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (1 + ((1/2)*n^2 + (1/2)*n)*x)*v[i - 1]); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

A128813: triangle, offset 0, from the row P0
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 1,   1;
  2: 1,   4,     3;
  3: 1,  10,    27,     18;
  4: 1,  20,   127,    288,     180;
  5: 1,  35,   427,   2193,    4500,      2700;
  6: 1,  56,  1162,  11160,   50553,     97200,     56700;
  7: 1,  84,  2730,  43696,  363033,   1512684,   2778300,    1587600;
  8: 1, 120,  5754, 141976, 1936089,  14581872,  57234924,  101606400,   57153600;
  9: 1, 165, 11154, 400906, 8325009, 101705877, 713419164, 2677177980, 4629441600, 2571912000;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = (1+((1/2)*n^2+(1/2)*n)*x)*P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[(1 + ((1/2)*n^2 + (1/2)*n)*x)*P[n - 1, x]];
Table[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n + 1], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (1 + ((1/2)*n^2 + (1/2)*n)*x)*v[i - 1]); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n + 1 - #c)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

Proved properties

  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0)
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-fd268ef2c64764c5
  • Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
    All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-a464fe87e26690eb, e-fd268ef2c64764c5
  • Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
    Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-a464fe87e26690eb, e-fd268ef2c64764c5
  • Interlacing of consecutive rows. Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, previous interlaces next) for every m >= 1
    The roots of consecutive polynomials alternate on the real line.
    by the cited steps: e-a464fe87e26690eb, e-fd268ef2c64764c5
  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-a464fe87e26690eb

Proof chains

2 incoming proof steps. Each step is expanded back to the roots of the proof DAG, the theorem checks of a node's own rule. JSON

Used in 7 proof steps

No candidate equalities or related sequences.

References

  1. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003