A111577 → x ↦ x/(x+1)

nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n all roots real, in [−1, 0]coefficients of one sign Hadamard kernel

Recurrence

\(\left(1 + x\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(1 + 9\,x + 14\,x^{2} + 6\,x^{3} - 3\,n x - 6\,n x^{2} - 3\,n x^{3}\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(3\,x + 9\,x^{2} + 9\,x^{3} + 3\,x^{4}\right)\,P_{n-1}'(x)\)

\(P_{1}(x) = 1\)

Rows ?

n	x⁰	x¹	x²	x³	x⁴	x⁵	x⁶	x⁷	P_n(1)
1	1								1
2	1	2							3
3	1	7	7						15
4	1	24	57	35					117
5	1	89	366	491	214				1161
6	1	346	2194	4841	4514	1523			13419
7	1	1371	12921	42064	63141	44976	12349		176823
8	1	5468	76719	348391	749909	846168	485449	112052	2624157

All 15 rows

Technical details

Node id: n-dccb22bb1a700e42 · revision 0 · JSON
Definition source: derived:mobius_x_over_x_plus_one
Fingerprint: f6-ab299508b34125dc

Observed on the stored rows ?

Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept -1)
Palindromic rows: no
γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

Matches ?

No OEIS matches.

Submission text ?

Atlas rows n = 1, …, ascending powers of x

%e Example

Triangle begins:
   1: 1;
   2: 1,     2;
   3: 1,     7,       7;
   4: 1,    24,      57,       35;
   5: 1,    89,     366,      491,      214;
   6: 1,   346,    2194,     4841,     4514,      1523;
   7: 1,  1371,   12921,    42064,    63141,     44976,     12349;
   8: 1,  5468,   76719,   348391,   749909,    846168,    485449,    112052;
   9: 1, 21853,  465928,  2848453,  8249641,  13107541,  11782198,   5640769,  1120849;
  10: 1, 87390, 2911824, 23366337, 87464817, 183493143, 229726398, 171079821, 70143417, 12219767;

%F Formula

The row polynomials satisfy (1+x)*P(n,x) = (1-(3*n-9)*x-(6*n-14)*x^2-(3*n-6)*x^3)*P(n-1,x) + (3*x+9*x^2+9*x^3+3*x^4)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 2, with P(1,x) = 1.

%t Mathematica

P[1, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((1 - (3*n - 9)*x - (6*n - 14)*x^2 - (3*n - 6)*x^3)*P[n - 1, x] + (3*x + 9*x^2 + 9*x^3 + 3*x^4)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(1 + x)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 1, 10}] // Flatten

%o PARI/GP

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n); v[i] = ((1 - (3*n - 9)*x - (6*n - 14)*x^2 - (3*n - 6)*x^3)*v[i - 1] + (3*x + 9*x^2 + 9*x^3 + 3*x^4)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(1 + x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i, v[i])))};
T(10)

polytool c48629374597

Properties

Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 1, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in [-1, 0]
by Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary)
Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 1: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
derived from Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary)
Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 1, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
derived from Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary)

Proof chains ? JSON

Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›
- from Galton triangle T(n, k) = T(n-1, k-1) + (3k-2)*T(n-1, k) read by rows.?
  - Liu–Wang theorem [LW07, Thm 2.1, Cor 2.4] ? step › direct check
  - Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check

References

[Bra06] Petter Brändén. On linear transformations preserving the Pólya frequency property. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 358(8):3697–3716, February 2006. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-06-03856-6
[Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
[LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
[SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.