A207607 → basis A007318

nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n: all roots real, in (−5, −1) · coefficients of one sign · interlacing (weak) · Hadamard kernel what this means

Recurrence
\(P_{n}(x) = \left(-1\right)\,P_{n-2}(x) + \left(3 + x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)
\(P_{1}(x) = 3 + 2\,x\)

Rows ?

nx0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x10x11x12x13x14Pn(1)
011
1325
289219
3213315271
45511176212265
5144355324137272989
6377109812517142163323691
7987331645273256133531339213775
82584983715646135817045224142845251409
9676528779522485313333381134553486561512191861
10177118326516987719806614623171505234855124712572716035
11463682387275406487109426033783472911384743829672098816322672279
12121393679284169079424754082374845157374673922824823859211979510686929973081
1331781119205185211018840607689965656748792365295614456464186628771512936127375237220045
148320405400081158627782795383833020926276691951696843277416562642421672012125455166861496812138907099

Generated b-files: A001834 (row sums) ?

Computed in your browser ?

Other recurrences

X ↦ x+1 substitution · proved equal for all n (proof step)

\(\left(8 - 16\,n + 8\,n^{2}\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(18 + 4\,x - 27\,n - 8\,n x + 9\,n^{2} + 4\,n^{2} x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(-8 - 18\,x - 4\,x^{2} + 20\,n + 24\,n x + 4\,n x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-1}'(x) + \left(15 + 18\,x + 3\,x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-1}''(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)
\(P_{1}(x) = 3 + 2\,x\)
Technical details
Node id
n-c2648604ab227c74 · revision 2 · JSON
Definition source
derived:basis_map_A007318
derived:shift_x_plus_one (equal by e-11e03be131215839)
Fingerprint
f6-2b83e2879aa49b31

Observed on the stored rows ?

  • Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
  • Palindromic rows: no
  • γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
  • Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
  • Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

OEIS matches ?

A generated b-file is computed from the node's definition along the row alignment of its OEIS link and starts at the entry's offset. It is an identification on a finite prefix, not a proof that the node and the OEIS entry agree for every n.

OEIS submission text ?

Fields to paste into an OEIS submission: the example %e, the formula %F and programs %t (Mathematica) and %o (PARI/GP) that list the same rows. For an OEIS link the row numbers, the offset and the orientation are those of the entry, as matched; the matched terms were compared with the published ones, which identifies the node with the entry on a finite prefix, not for every n. The PARI/GP program is not machine-checked here.

The atlas's own rows: n = 0, …, ascending powers of x
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0:    1;
  1:    3,     2;
  2:    8,     9,     2;
  3:   21,    33,    15,     2;
  4:   55,   111,    76,    21,     2;
  5:  144,   355,   324,   137,    27,     2;
  6:  377,  1098,  1251,   714,   216,    33,    2;
  7:  987,  3316,  4527,  3256,  1335,   313,   39,   2;
  8: 2584,  9837, 15646, 13581,  7045,  2241,  428,  45,  2;
  9: 6765, 28779, 52248, 53133, 33381, 13455, 3486, 561, 51, 2;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = -P(n-2,x) + (3+x)*P(n-1,x) for n >= 2, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 3 + 2*x.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[1, x_] := 3 + 2*x;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[-P[n - 2, x] + (3 + x)*P[n - 1, x]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 3 + 2*x; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = -v[i - 2] + (3 + x)*v[i - 1]); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

Proved properties

  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-06cd9a9d948af774
  • Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
    All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-06cd9a9d948af774, e-66d94dddc72ac30f
  • Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
    Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-06cd9a9d948af774, e-66d94dddc72ac30f
  • Interlacing of consecutive rows. Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, unordered) for every m >= 1
    The roots of consecutive polynomials alternate on the real line.
    by the cited steps: e-06cd9a9d948af774, e-66d94dddc72ac30f
  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-5, -1)
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-66d94dddc72ac30f

Proof chains

3 incoming proof steps. Each step is expanded back to the roots of the proof DAG, the theorem checks of a node's own rule. JSON

No candidate equalities or related sequences.

References

  1. [Fav35] Jean Favard. Sur les polynômes de tchebicheff. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 200:2052–2053, 1935.
  2. [Sze39] G. Szegő. Orthogonal Polynomials. Colloquium publications, American Mathematical Society, 1939. doi:10.1090/coll/023