A035342 → D

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Triangle begins:
  0:          0;
  1:          1;
  2:          9,          2;
  3:         87,         36,         3;
  4:        975,        570,        90,         4;
  5:      12645,       9360,      2115,       180,        5;
  6:     187425,     165690,     47880,      5880,      315,       6;
  7:    3133935,    3191580,   1110375,    175560,    13650,     504,     7;
  8:   58437855,   66907890,  26994870,   5167260,   519750,   27972,   756,    8;
  9: 1203216525, 1521941400, 694248975, 154840140, 18933075, 1323000, 52290, 1080, 9;

The row polynomials satisfy (2*n-2)*P(n,x) = (4*n^2+2+2*n*x)*P(n-1,x) + (3+(2*n+1)*x)*d/dx P(n-1,x) + x*d^2/dx^2 P(n-1,x) for n >= 2, with P(0,x) = 0, P(1,x) = 1.

P[0, x_] := 0;
P[1, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((4*n^2 + 2 + 2*n*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (3 + (2*n + 1)*x)*D[P[n - 1, x], x] + x*D[P[n - 1, x], {x, 2}])/(2*n - 2)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 0; v[2] = 1; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((4*n^2 + 2 + 2*n*x)*v[i - 1] + (3 + (2*n + 1)*x)*deriv(v[i - 1], x) + x*deriv(deriv(v[i - 1], x), x))/(2*n - 2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Properties

• Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0]
  by Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Interlacing of consecutive rows? Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, unordered) for every m ≥ 1
  by Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators

Proof chains ? JSON

• Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators [SP14] polytool ? step ›

  • from The convolution matrix of the double factorial of odd numbers (A001147).?
    • Liu–Wang theorem [LW07, Thm 2.1, Cor 2.4] ? step › direct check
    • Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators [SP14] polytool ? step ›

      • from basis_map_A008277 of Triangle of coefficients in expansion of (x+1)*(x+3)*...*(x + 2n - 1) in rising powers of x.?
        • Ray basis map theorem [MW08, Thm 2] polytool RealRooted rayBasisMap_maps_realRootedIn_iff ? step ›

          • from Triangle of coefficients in expansion of (x+1)*(x+3)*...*(x + 2n - 1) in rising powers of x.?
            • Liu–Wang theorem [LW07, Thm 2.1, Cor 2.4] ? step › direct check
            • Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check
            • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

              • from Triangle of coefficients in expansion of (1+x)*(1+3x)*(1+5x)*(1+7x)*...*(1+(2n-1)x).?
                • Liu–Wang theorem [LW07, Thm 2.1, Cor 2.4] ? step › direct check
                • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

                  • from Triangle of coefficients in expansion of (x+1)*(x+3)*...*(x + 2n - 1) in rising powers of x.?
                    • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem (above)
                    • ↑ Iterated real-rootedness preservers (above)
                    • Parent-row provers of polytool polytool ? step › direct check
                • Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check
                • Parent-row provers of polytool polytool ? step › direct check
            • ↑ Parent-row provers of polytool (above)
        • Ray basis map theorem [MW08, Thm 2] polytool RealRooted rayBasisMap_maps_realRootedIn_iff ? step ›

          • from Triangle of coefficients in expansion of (x+1)*(x+3)*...*(x + 2n - 1) in rising powers of x.?
            • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem (above)
            • ↑ Iterated real-rootedness preservers (above)
            • ↑ Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) (above)
            • ↑ Parent-row provers of polytool (above)
    • Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check
    • Ray basis map theorem [MW08, Thm 2] polytool RealRooted rayBasisMap_maps_realRootedIn_iff ? step ›

      • from basis_map_A007318 of Triangle of coefficients in expansion of (x+1)*(x+3)*...*(x + 2n - 1) in rising powers of x.?
        • Geometric basis map (elementary) polytool ? step ›

          • from Triangle of coefficients in expansion of (x+1)*(x+3)*...*(x + 2n - 1) in rising powers of x.?
            • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem (above)
            • ↑ Iterated real-rootedness preservers (above)
            • ↑ Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) (above)
            • ↑ Parent-row provers of polytool (above)
        • Geometric basis map (elementary) polytool ? step ›

          • from Triangle of coefficients in expansion of (x+1)*(x+3)*...*(x + 2n - 1) in rising powers of x.?
            • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem (above)
            • ↑ Iterated real-rootedness preservers (above)
            • ↑ Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) (above)
            • ↑ Parent-row provers of polytool (above)
        • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

          • from Triangle of coefficients in expansion of (x+1)*(x+3)*...*(x + 2n - 1) in rising powers of x.?
            • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem (above)
            • ↑ Iterated real-rootedness preservers (above)
            • ↑ Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) (above)
            • ↑ Parent-row provers of polytool (above)

References

1. [Bra06] Petter Brändén. On linear transformations preserving the Pólya frequency property. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 358(8):3697–3716, February 2006. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-06-03856-6
2. [Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
3. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
4. [MW08] Shi-Mei Ma and Yi Wang. q-Eulerian polynomials and polynomials with only real zeros. The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 15(1):Research Paper 17, January 2008. doi:10.37236/741
5. [SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.