A271703 → D

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Submission text ?

Triangle begins:
   1:      0;
   2:      1;
   3:      2,       2;
   4:      6,      12,       3;
   5:     24,      72,      36,       4;
   6:    120,     480,     360,      80,       5;
   7:    720,    3600,    3600,    1200,     150,      6;
   8:   5040,   30240,   37800,   16800,    3150,    252,     7;
   9:  40320,  282240,  423360,  235200,   58800,   7056,   392,   8;
  10: 362880, 2903040, 5080320, 3386880, 1058400, 169344, 14112, 576, 9;

The row polynomials satisfy (n-2)*P(n,x) = (n^2-3*n+2+(n-1)*x)*P(n-1,x) + (n-1)*x*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 3, with P(1,x) = 0, P(2,x) = 1.

P[1, x_] := 0;
P[2, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((n^2 - 3*n + 2 + (n - 1)*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (n - 1)*x*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(n - 2)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 1, 10}] // Flatten

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N)); v[1] = 0; v[2] = 1; for(n = 3, N, my(i = n); v[i] = ((n^2 - 3*n + 2 + (n - 1)*x)*v[i - 1] + (n - 1)*x*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(n - 2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i, v[i])))};
T(10)

Properties

• Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 1, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0]
  by Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 1: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 1, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators

Proof chains ? JSON

• Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators [SP14] polytool ? step ›

  • from Triangle read by rows: the unsigned Lah numbers T(n, k) = binomial(n-1, k-1)*n!/k! if n > 0 and k > 0, T(n, 0) = 0^n an…?
    • Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check

Related ?

Same fingerprint ?

• Triangle read by rows: T(n, k) = 2^n * [x^k] hypergeom([-n, -n, 1], [1], x).
• A395972 → reverse
• A132393 → basis A008277
• A144084: T(n,k) is the number of partial bijections of height k (height(alpha) = |Im(alpha)|) of an n-element set.
• A271703 → D+1
• A395972 → D
• A144084 → D
• A130534 → basis A008277 → θ+1
• A105278 → θ+1

References

1. [Bra06] Petter Brändén. On linear transformations preserving the Pólya frequency property. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 358(8):3697–3716, February 2006. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-06-03856-6
2. [Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
3. [SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.