A172185: (9,11) Pascal triangle.

A172185 ↗ nonnegative coefficientsonly rational roots

Proved for all n all roots real, in (−∞, 0)coefficients of one sign Hadamard kernel interlacing (weak)

Recurrence from A172185

\(\left(-1 + n\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(-1 - x + n + n x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x)\)

\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)

\(P_{1}(x) = 9 + 11\,x\)

Rows ?

n	x⁰	x¹	x²	x³	x⁴	x⁵	x⁶	x⁷	x⁸	x⁹	x¹⁰	x¹¹	x¹²	x¹³	x¹⁴	P_n(1)
0	1															1
1	9	11														20
2	9	20	11													40
3	9	29	31	11												80
4	9	38	60	42	11											160
5	9	47	98	102	53	11										320
6	9	56	145	200	155	64	11									640
7	9	65	201	345	355	219	75	11								1280
8	9	74	266	546	700	574	294	86	11							2560
9	9	83	340	812	1246	1274	868	380	97	11						5120
10	9	92	423	1152	2058	2520	2142	1248	477	108	11					10240
11	9	101	515	1575	3210	4578	4662	3390	1725	585	119	11				20480
12	9	110	616	2090	4785	7788	9240	8052	5115	2310	704	130	11			40960
13	9	119	726	2706	6875	12573	17028	17292	13167	7425	3014	834	141	11		81920
14	9	128	845	3432	9581	19448	29601	34320	30459	20592	10439	3848	975	152	11	163840

b-files: A172185 ?

Technical details

Node id: n-adf2bd240d57cc59 · revision 1 · JSON
Definition source: oeis_catalog:A172185
Fingerprint: f6-dfaabd2e84538026

Observed on the stored rows ?

Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
Palindromic rows: no
γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): yes

Matches ?

A172185 triangle 66 terms, 11 rows · tabl · nonn · catalog b-file?

Row sums ? A146523, A020714, A323831

Submission text ?

Atlas rows n = 0, …, ascending powers of x

%e Example

Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 9, 11;
  2: 9, 20,  11;
  3: 9, 29,  31,  11;
  4: 9, 38,  60,  42,   11;
  5: 9, 47,  98, 102,   53,   11;
  6: 9, 56, 145, 200,  155,   64,  11;
  7: 9, 65, 201, 345,  355,  219,  75,  11;
  8: 9, 74, 266, 546,  700,  574, 294,  86, 11;
  9: 9, 83, 340, 812, 1246, 1274, 868, 380, 97, 11;

%F Formula

The row polynomials satisfy (n-1)*P(n,x) = (n-1+(n-1)*x)*P(n-1,x) for n >= 2, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 9 + 11*x.

%t Mathematica

P[0, x_] := 1;
P[1, x_] := 9 + 11*x;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((n - 1 + (n - 1)*x)*P[n - 1, x])/(n - 1)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten

%o PARI/GP

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 9 + 11*x; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((n - 1 + (n - 1)*x)*v[i - 1])/(n - 1)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

polytool c48629374597

A172185 triangle, offset 0, from P₀

%e Example

Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 9, 11;
  2: 9, 20,  11;
  3: 9, 29,  31,  11;
  4: 9, 38,  60,  42,   11;
  5: 9, 47,  98, 102,   53,   11;
  6: 9, 56, 145, 200,  155,   64,  11;
  7: 9, 65, 201, 345,  355,  219,  75,  11;
  8: 9, 74, 266, 546,  700,  574, 294,  86, 11;
  9: 9, 83, 340, 812, 1246, 1274, 868, 380, 97, 11;

%F Formula

The row polynomials satisfy (n-1)*P(n,x) = (n-1+(n-1)*x)*P(n-1,x) for n >= 2, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 9 + 11*x.

%t Mathematica

P[0, x_] := 1;
P[1, x_] := 9 + 11*x;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((n - 1 + (n - 1)*x)*P[n - 1, x])/(n - 1)]];
Table[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n + 1], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten

%o PARI/GP

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 9 + 11*x; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((n - 1 + (n - 1)*x)*v[i - 1])/(n - 1)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n + 1 - #c)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

polytool c48629374597

Properties

Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0)
by Liu–Wang theorem, Row-hypergeometric rows (multiplier sequences)
Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
derived from Liu–Wang theorem, Row-hypergeometric rows (multiplier sequences), Iterated real-rootedness preservers
Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
derived from Liu–Wang theorem, Row-hypergeometric rows (multiplier sequences), Iterated real-rootedness preservers
Interlacing of consecutive rows? Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, previous interlaces next) for every m ≥ 2
by Liu–Wang theorem
Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0]
by Iterated real-rootedness preservers
Interlacing of consecutive rows? Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, previous interlaces next) for every m ≥ 1
by Iterated real-rootedness preservers

Proof chains ? JSON

Liu–Wang theorem [LW07, Thm 2.1, Cor 2.4] ? step › direct check
Row-hypergeometric rows (multiplier sequences) [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601] polytool RealRooted RealRooted.isPFMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos RealRooted RealRooted.isPFMultiplierSequence_inv_ascPochhammer RealRooted RealRooted.IsPFMultiplierSequence.mul ? step › direct check
Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check

References

[Bra06] Petter Brändén. On linear transformations preserving the Pólya frequency property. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 358(8):3697–3716, February 2006. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-06-03856-6
[Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
[LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
[SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.