Real-rooted atlas

A059473 → Veronese 2

nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n: all roots real, in (−∞, 0] · coefficients of one sign · interlacing (weak) · Hadamard kernel what this means

Recurrence
\(P_{n}(x) = \left(4\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(-4 + 4\,x\right)\,P_{n-2}(x) + \left(8\,x\right)\,P_{n-3}(x) + \left(4\,x\right)\,P_{n-4}(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)
\(P_{1}(x) = 2\)
\(P_{2}(x) = 4 + 4\,x\)
\(P_{3}(x) = 8 + 32\,x\)

Rows ?

nx0x1x2x3Pn(1)
011
122
2448
383240
41614816180
532536224792
66416961696643520
712849289344128015680

Show all 15 stored rows

Computed in your browser ?

Technical details
Node id
n-884429e93dfe8980 · revision 1 · JSON
Definition source
derived:veronese_section_2_0
Fingerprint
f6-af7ce3fd48cac14e

Observed on the stored rows ?

  • Degrees: 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7 (half affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
  • Palindromic rows: no
  • γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
  • Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
  • Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

OEIS matches ?

No OEIS matches.

OEIS submission text ?

Fields to paste into an OEIS submission: the example %e, the formula %F and programs %t (Mathematica) and %o (PARI/GP) that list the same rows. For an OEIS link the row numbers, the offset and the orientation are those of the entry, as matched; the matched terms were compared with the published ones, which identifies the node with the entry on a finite prefix, not for every n. The PARI/GP program is not machine-checked here.

The atlas's own rows: n = 0, …, ascending powers of x
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0:   1;
  1:   2;
  2:   4,     4;
  3:   8,    32;
  4:  16,   148,     16;
  5:  32,   536,    224;
  6:  64,  1696,   1696,     64;
  7: 128,  4928,   9344,   1280;
  8: 256, 13504,  42256,  13504,  256;
  9: 512, 35456, 167072, 100736, 6656;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = 4*P(n-1,x) - (4-4*x)*P(n-2,x) + 8*x*P(n-3,x) + 4*x*P(n-4,x) for n >= 4, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 2, P(2,x) = 4 + 4*x, P(3,x) = 8 + 32*x.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[1, x_] := 2;
P[2, x_] := 4 + 4*x;
P[3, x_] := 8 + 32*x;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[4*P[n - 1, x] - (4 - 4*x)*P[n - 2, x] + 8*x*P[n - 3, x] + 4*x*P[n - 4, x]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 2; v[3] = 4 + 4*x; v[4] = 8 + 32*x; for(n = 4, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = 4*v[i - 1] - (4 - 4*x)*v[i - 2] + 8*x*v[i - 3] + 4*x*v[i - 4]); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

Proved properties

  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-822731dbb3b6fe91
  • Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
    All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-822731dbb3b6fe91
  • Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
    Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-822731dbb3b6fe91
  • Interlacing of consecutive rows. Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, previous interlaces next) for every m >= 1
    The roots of consecutive polynomials alternate on the real line.
    by the cited steps: e-822731dbb3b6fe91

Proof chains

1 incoming proof step. Each step is expanded back to the roots of the proof DAG, the theorem checks of a node's own rule. JSON

No candidate equalities or related sequences.

References

  1. [ASW52] Michael Aissen, I. J. Schoenberg and A. M. Whitney. On the generating functions of totally positive sequences I. Journal d’Analyse Mathématique, 2(1):93–103, 1952. doi:10.1007/BF02786970
  2. [AW24] Christos A. Athanasiadis and David G. Wagner. Veronese sections and interlacing matrices of polynomials and formal power series. arXiv:2404.12989. arXiv
  3. [Edr53] Albert Edrei. Proof of a Conjecture of Schoenberg on the Generating Function of a Totally Positive Sequence. Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 5:86–94, 1953. doi:10.4153/CJM-1953-010-3
  4. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003