A079621 → (θ+1)²

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Submission text ?

Triangle begins:
  0:          1;
  1:          4,           4;
  2:         24,          48,           9;
  3:        192,         576,         216,          16;
  4:       1920,        7680,        4320,         640,         25;
  5:      23040,      115200,       86400,       19200,       1500,        36;
  6:     322560,     1935360,     1814400,      537600,      63000,      3024,       49;
  7:    5160960,    36126720,    40642560,    15052800,    2352000,    169344,     5488,     64;
  8:   92897280,   743178240,   975421440,   433520640,   84672000,   8128512,   395136,   9216,    81;
  9: 1857945600, 16721510400, 25082265600, 13005619200, 3048192000, 365783040, 23708160, 829440, 14580, 100;

The row polynomials satisfy -(2*n-n^2*x)*P(n,x) = -(4*n^2+4*n-(2*n^3+2*n^2-4*n-4)*x-(n^2+2*n+1)*x^2)*P(n-1,x) - ((4*n+4)*x-(2*n^2+4*n+2)*x^2)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.

P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[(-(4*n^2 + 4*n - (2*n^3 + 2*n^2 - 4*n - 4)*x - (n^2 + 2*n + 1)*x^2)*P[n - 1, x] - ((4*n + 4)*x - (2*n^2 + 4*n + 2)*x^2)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(-2*n + n^2*x)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (-(4*n^2 + 4*n - (2*n^3 + 2*n^2 - 4*n - 4)*x - (n^2 + 2*n + 1)*x^2)*v[i - 1] - ((4*n + 4)*x - (2*n^2 + 4*n + 2)*x^2)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(-2*n + n^2*x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Properties

• Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0]
  by Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences
• Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences
• Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences

Proof chains ? JSON

• Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601] polytool ? step ›

  • from basis_map_A008277 of Matrix product of unsigned Lah-triangle |A008297(n,k)| and unsigned Stirling1-triangle |A008275(n,…?
    • Ray basis map theorem [MW08, Thm 2] polytool RealRooted rayBasisMap_maps_realRootedIn_iff ? step ›

      • from Matrix product of unsigned Lah-triangle |A008297(n,k)| and unsigned Stirling1-triangle |A008275(n,k)|.?
        • Three-term recurrence criterion [Sze39, §3.3; Fav35] polytool ? step › direct check
        • Liu–Wang theorem for three-term recurrences [LW07, Thm 2.1, Thm 2.3, Cor 2.4, Prop 3.3] polytool ? step › direct check
    • Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check
    • Ray basis map theorem [MW08, Thm 2] polytool RealRooted rayBasisMap_maps_realRootedIn_iff ? step ›

      • from Matrix product of unsigned Lah-triangle |A008297(n,k)| and unsigned Stirling1-triangle |A008275(n,k)|.?
        • ↑ Three-term recurrence criterion (above)
        • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem for three-term recurrences (above)
    • Row-hypergeometric rows (multiplier sequences) [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601] polytool RealRooted RealRooted.isPFMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos RealRooted RealRooted.isPFMultiplierSequence_inv_ascPochhammer RealRooted RealRooted.IsPFMultiplierSequence.mul ? step › direct check

Related ?

Same fingerprint ?

• A286724 → θ+1

References

1. [Bra06] Petter Brändén. On linear transformations preserving the Pólya frequency property. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 358(8):3697–3716, February 2006. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-06-03856-6
2. [Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
3. [Fav35] Jean Favard. Sur les polynômes de tchebicheff. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 200:2052–2053, 1935.
4. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
5. [MW08] Shi-Mei Ma and Yi Wang. q-Eulerian polynomials and polynomials with only real zeros. The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 15(1):Research Paper 17, January 2008. doi:10.37236/741
6. [SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.
7. [Sze39] G. Szegő. Orthogonal Polynomials. Colloquium publications, American Mathematical Society, 1939. doi:10.1090/coll/023