A166344 → θ+1

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Triangle begins:
   1: 1,    12,       3;
   2: 1,    30,      45,        4;
   3: 1,    68,     270,      136,         5;
   4: 1,   146,    1218,     1624,       365,          6;
   5: 1,   304,    4749,    12992,      7915,        912,          7;
   6: 1,   622,   16983,    83628,    104535,      33966,       2177,         8;
   7: 1,  1260,   57480,   470376,   1045350,     705564,     134120,      5040,         9;
   8: 1,  2538,  187560,  2417984,   8754570,   10505484,    4231472,    500160,     11421,      10;
   9: 1,  5096,  596943, 11672576,  64930210,  126065808,   90902294,  23345152,   1790829,   25480,    11;
  10: 1, 10214, 1867269, 53853620, 441376810, 1301808612, 1518776714, 706202896, 121170645, 6224230, 56177, 12;

The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = -(n^2+2*n)*x^2*P(n-2,x) - ((n+2)*x^2-(n+2)*x^3)*d/dx P(n-2,x) + (1+(2*n+2)*x)*P(n-1,x) + (x-x^2)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 3, with P(1,x) = 1 + 12*x + 3*x^2, P(2,x) = 1 + 30*x + 45*x^2 + 4*x^3.

P[1, x_] := 1 + 12*x + 3*x^2;
P[2, x_] := 1 + 30*x + 45*x^2 + 4*x^3;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[-(n^2 + 2*n)*x^2*P[n - 2, x] - ((n + 2)*x^2 - (n + 2)*x^3)*D[P[n - 2, x], x] + (1 + (2*n + 2)*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (x - x^2)*D[P[n - 1, x], x]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 1, 10}] // Flatten

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N)); v[1] = 1 + 12*x + 3*x^2; v[2] = 1 + 30*x + 45*x^2 + 4*x^3; for(n = 3, N, my(i = n); v[i] = -(n^2 + 2*n)*x^2*v[i - 2] - ((n + 2)*x^2 - (n + 2)*x^3)*deriv(v[i - 2], x) + (1 + (2*n + 2)*x)*v[i - 1] + (x - x^2)*deriv(v[i - 1], x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i, v[i])))};
T(10)

Properties

• Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 1, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0]
  by Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences
• Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 1: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences
• Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 1, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences
• Interlacing of consecutive rows? Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, unordered) for every m ≥ 2
  by Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences

Proof chains ? JSON

• Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601] polytool ? step ›

  • from Triangle T(n, k) = coefficients of ( t(n, x) ) where t(n, x) = (1-x)^(n+1)*p(n, x)/x, p(n, x) = x*D( p(n-1, x) ), with …?
    • Liu–Wang theorem [LW07, Thm 2.1, Cor 2.4] ? step › direct check
    • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

      • from Triangle T(n, k) = coefficients of ( t(n, x) ) where t(n, x) = (1-x)^(n+1)*p(n, x)/x, p(n, x) = x*D( p(n-1, x) ), with …?
        • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem (above)
        • Parent-row provers of polytool polytool ? step › direct check
        • Parent-row provers of polytool polytool ? step › direct check
    • ↑ Parent-row provers of polytool (above)
    • ↑ Parent-row provers of polytool (above)

References

1. [Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
2. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
3. [SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.