Real-rooted atlas

A103450: A figurate number triangle read by rows.

A103450 ↗ palindromicγ-positivenonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n all roots real, in (−∞, 0)coefficients of one signHadamard kernelinterlacing (weak)

Recurrence from A103450

\(\left(-2 + n\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(-4 - 4\,x + 2\,n + 2\,n x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(2 + 4\,x + 2\,x^{2} - n - 2\,n x - n x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-2}(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)
\(P_{1}(x) = 1 + x\)
\(P_{2}(x) = 1 + 3\,x + x^{2}\)

Rows ?

nx0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7Pn(1)
011
1112
21315
3155112
417127128
51922229164
6111355035111144
711351959551131320

All 15 rows b-files: A045623 (row sums), A103450, A103450 (reversed triangle), A196410 (row sums) ?

Technical details
Node id
n-599156b8b4031917 · revision 0 · JSON
Definition source
oeis_catalog:A103450
Fingerprint
f6-091f7f019e3eefbf

Observed on the stored rows ?

  • Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
  • Palindromic rows: yes
  • γ-positive (gamma_positive): yes
  • Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
  • Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

Matches ?

  • A103450 reversed triangle 78 terms, 12 rows · tabl · nonn · catalog b-file?
  • A103450 triangle 78 terms, 12 rows · tabl · nonn · catalog b-file?

Row sums ? A196410, A045623

Submission text ?

Atlas rows n = 0, …, ascending powers of x
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 1,  1;
  2: 1,  3,  1;
  3: 1,  5,  5,   1;
  4: 1,  7, 12,   7,   1;
  5: 1,  9, 22,  22,   9,   1;
  6: 1, 11, 35,  50,  35,  11,   1;
  7: 1, 13, 51,  95,  95,  51,  13,  1;
  8: 1, 15, 70, 161, 210, 161,  70, 15,  1;
  9: 1, 17, 92, 252, 406, 406, 252, 92, 17, 1;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy (n-2)*P(n,x) = (2*n-4+(2*n-4)*x)*P(n-1,x) - (n-2+(2*n-4)*x+(n-2)*x^2)*P(n-2,x) for n >= 3, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 1 + x, P(2,x) = 1 + 3*x + x^2.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[1, x_] := 1 + x;
P[2, x_] := 1 + 3*x + x^2;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((2*n - 4 + (2*n - 4)*x)*P[n - 1, x] - (n - 2 + (2*n - 4)*x + (n - 2)*x^2)*P[n - 2, x])/(n - 2)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 1 + x; v[3] = 1 + 3*x + x^2; for(n = 3, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((2*n - 4 + (2*n - 4)*x)*v[i - 1] - (n - 2 + (2*n - 4)*x + (n - 2)*x^2)*v[i - 2])/(n - 2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

polytool c48629374597

A103450 triangle, offset 0, from P0
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 1,  1;
  2: 1,  3,  1;
  3: 1,  5,  5,   1;
  4: 1,  7, 12,   7,   1;
  5: 1,  9, 22,  22,   9,   1;
  6: 1, 11, 35,  50,  35,  11,   1;
  7: 1, 13, 51,  95,  95,  51,  13,  1;
  8: 1, 15, 70, 161, 210, 161,  70, 15,  1;
  9: 1, 17, 92, 252, 406, 406, 252, 92, 17, 1;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy (n-2)*P(n,x) = (2*n-4+(2*n-4)*x)*P(n-1,x) - (n-2+(2*n-4)*x+(n-2)*x^2)*P(n-2,x) for n >= 3, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 1 + x, P(2,x) = 1 + 3*x + x^2.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[1, x_] := 1 + x;
P[2, x_] := 1 + 3*x + x^2;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((2*n - 4 + (2*n - 4)*x)*P[n - 1, x] - (n - 2 + (2*n - 4)*x + (n - 2)*x^2)*P[n - 2, x])/(n - 2)]];
Table[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n + 1], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 1 + x; v[3] = 1 + 3*x + x^2; for(n = 3, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((2*n - 4 + (2*n - 4)*x)*v[i - 1] - (n - 2 + (2*n - 4)*x + (n - 2)*x^2)*v[i - 2])/(n - 2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n + 1 - #c)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

polytool c48629374597

A103450 reversed triangle, offset 0, from P0
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 1,  1;
  2: 1,  3,  1;
  3: 1,  5,  5,   1;
  4: 1,  7, 12,   7,   1;
  5: 1,  9, 22,  22,   9,   1;
  6: 1, 11, 35,  50,  35,  11,   1;
  7: 1, 13, 51,  95,  95,  51,  13,  1;
  8: 1, 15, 70, 161, 210, 161,  70, 15,  1;
  9: 1, 17, 92, 252, 406, 406, 252, 92, 17, 1;
%F Formula
Row n lists the coefficients of P(n,x) in descending powers of x, where (n-2)*P(n,x) = (2*n-4+(2*n-4)*x)*P(n-1,x) - (n-2+(2*n-4)*x+(n-2)*x^2)*P(n-2,x) for n >= 3, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 1 + x, P(2,x) = 1 + 3*x + x^2.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[1, x_] := 1 + x;
P[2, x_] := 1 + 3*x + x^2;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((2*n - 4 + (2*n - 4)*x)*P[n - 1, x] - (n - 2 + (2*n - 4)*x + (n - 2)*x^2)*P[n - 2, x])/(n - 2)]];
Table[Reverse[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n + 1]], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 1 + x; v[3] = 1 + 3*x + x^2; for(n = 3, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((2*n - 4 + (2*n - 4)*x)*v[i - 1] - (n - 2 + (2*n - 4)*x + (n - 2)*x^2)*v[i - 2])/(n - 2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n + 1 - #c)); c = Vecrev(c); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

polytool c48629374597

Properties

Proof chains ? JSON

  • Liu–Wang theorem for three-term recurrences [LW07, Thm 2.1, Thm 2.3, Cor 2.4, Prop 3.3] polytool ? step › direct check

References

  1. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003