Real-rooted atlas

A008459 → x ↦ x/(x+1)

nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n: all roots real, in [−1, 0] · coefficients of one sign · Hadamard kernel what this means

Recurrence
\(\left(n + 2\,n x + n x^{2}\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(n + 4\,n x + 5\,n x^{2} + 2\,n x^{3}\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(2\,x + 6\,x^{2} + 6\,x^{3} + 2\,x^{4}\right)\,P_{n-1}'(x)\)
\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)

Rows ?

nx0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x10x11x12x13x14Pn(1)
011
1123
216613
3112302063
41209014070321
51302105606302521683
61424201680315027729248989
71567564200115501663212012343248639
8172126092403465072072840845148012870265729
919019801848090090252252420420411840218790486201462563
1011102970343202102107567561681680233376019691109237801847568097453
1111324290600604504502018016571771210501920124710309237800387987670543245046719
121156600610010090090049008961715313639907296623551506466460042678636162249362704156251595969
13118281901601601701700110270164655851213302432026189163035565530032720287619469923267603900104006001409933619
14121010920247520306306023279256116396280399072960960269310163601438019632172561622493600878850700280816200401166007923848253

Generated b-files: A001850 (row sums), A063007, A104684 (reversed triangle) ?

Computed in your browser ?

Technical details
Node id
n-55a66d3aeb8cbce1 · revision 1 · JSON
Definition source
derived:mobius_x_over_x_plus_one
Fingerprint
f6-fd15deff59829444

Observed on the stored rows ?

  • Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
  • Palindromic rows: no
  • γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
  • Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
  • Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

OEIS matches ?

A generated b-file is computed from the node's definition along the row alignment of its OEIS link and starts at the entry's offset. It is an identification on a finite prefix, not a proof that the node and the OEIS entry agree for every n.

OEIS submission text ?

Fields to paste into an OEIS submission: the example %e, the formula %F and programs %t (Mathematica) and %o (PARI/GP) that list the same rows. For an OEIS link the row numbers, the offset and the orientation are those of the entry, as matched; the matched terms were compared with the published ones, which identifies the node with the entry on a finite prefix, not for every n. The PARI/GP program is not machine-checked here.

The atlas's own rows: n = 0, …, ascending powers of x
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 1,  2;
  2: 1,  6,    6;
  3: 1, 12,   30,    20;
  4: 1, 20,   90,   140,    70;
  5: 1, 30,  210,   560,   630,    252;
  6: 1, 42,  420,  1680,  3150,   2772,    924;
  7: 1, 56,  756,  4200, 11550,  16632,  12012,   3432;
  8: 1, 72, 1260,  9240, 34650,  72072,  84084,  51480,  12870;
  9: 1, 90, 1980, 18480, 90090, 252252, 420420, 411840, 218790, 48620;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy (n+2*n*x+n*x^2)*P(n,x) = (n+4*n*x+5*n*x^2+2*n*x^3)*P(n-1,x) + (2*x+6*x^2+6*x^3+2*x^4)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((n + 4*n*x + 5*n*x^2 + 2*n*x^3)*P[n - 1, x] + (2*x + 6*x^2 + 6*x^3 + 2*x^4)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(n + 2*n*x + n*x^2)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((n + 4*n*x + 5*n*x^2 + 2*n*x^3)*v[i - 1] + (2*x + 6*x^2 + 6*x^3 + 2*x^4)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(n + 2*n*x + n*x^2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

A063007: triangle, offset 0, from the row P0
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 1,  2;
  2: 1,  6,    6;
  3: 1, 12,   30,    20;
  4: 1, 20,   90,   140,    70;
  5: 1, 30,  210,   560,   630,    252;
  6: 1, 42,  420,  1680,  3150,   2772,    924;
  7: 1, 56,  756,  4200, 11550,  16632,  12012,   3432;
  8: 1, 72, 1260,  9240, 34650,  72072,  84084,  51480,  12870;
  9: 1, 90, 1980, 18480, 90090, 252252, 420420, 411840, 218790, 48620;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy (n+2*n*x+n*x^2)*P(n,x) = (n+4*n*x+5*n*x^2+2*n*x^3)*P(n-1,x) + (2*x+6*x^2+6*x^3+2*x^4)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((n + 4*n*x + 5*n*x^2 + 2*n*x^3)*P[n - 1, x] + (2*x + 6*x^2 + 6*x^3 + 2*x^4)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(n + 2*n*x + n*x^2)]];
Table[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n + 1], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((n + 4*n*x + 5*n*x^2 + 2*n*x^3)*v[i - 1] + (2*x + 6*x^2 + 6*x^3 + 2*x^4)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(n + 2*n*x + n*x^2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n + 1 - #c)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

A104684: reversed triangle, offset 0, from the row P0
%e Example
Triangle begins:
  0:     1;
  1:     2,      1;
  2:     6,      6,      1;
  3:    20,     30,     12,      1;
  4:    70,    140,     90,     20,      1;
  5:   252,    630,    560,    210,     30,     1;
  6:   924,   2772,   3150,   1680,    420,    42,     1;
  7:  3432,  12012,  16632,  11550,   4200,   756,    56,    1;
  8: 12870,  51480,  84084,  72072,  34650,  9240,  1260,   72,  1;
  9: 48620, 218790, 411840, 420420, 252252, 90090, 18480, 1980, 90, 1;
%F Formula
Row n lists the coefficients of P(n,x) in descending powers of x, where (n+2*n*x+n*x^2)*P(n,x) = (n+4*n*x+5*n*x^2+2*n*x^3)*P(n-1,x) + (2*x+6*x^2+6*x^3+2*x^4)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.
%t Mathematica
P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((n + 4*n*x + 5*n*x^2 + 2*n*x^3)*P[n - 1, x] + (2*x + 6*x^2 + 6*x^3 + 2*x^4)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(n + 2*n*x + n*x^2)]];
Table[Reverse[PadRight[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], n + 1]], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((n + 4*n*x + 5*n*x^2 + 2*n*x^3)*v[i - 1] + (2*x + 6*x^2 + 6*x^3 + 2*x^4)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(n + 2*n*x + n*x^2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c = concat(c, vector(n + 1 - #c)); c = Vecrev(c); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

Proved properties

  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in [-1, 0]
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-2ce1a392fcdf3dd9
  • Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
    All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-2ce1a392fcdf3dd9
  • Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
    Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-2ce1a392fcdf3dd9

Proof chains

1 incoming proof step. Each step is expanded back to the roots of the proof DAG, the theorem checks of a node's own rule. JSON

Same fingerprint (4)

Equal up to content, sign, reversal and a small index shift.

References

  1. [Fav35] Jean Favard. Sur les polynômes de tchebicheff. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 200:2052–2053, 1935.
  2. [Sze39] G. Szegő. Orthogonal Polynomials. Colloquium publications, American Mathematical Society, 1939. doi:10.1090/coll/023