A391533 → Veronese 2 → D

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Triangle begins:
  0:   1;
  1:   5;
  2:  13,    2;
  3:  25,   14;
  4:  41,   52,    3;
  5:  61,  140,   27;
  6:  85,  310,  129,    4;
  7: 113,  602,  441,   44;
  8: 145, 1064, 1218,  256,  5;
  9: 181, 1752, 2898, 1056, 65;

The row polynomials satisfy (16*n^3-16*n^2+8*n-(8*n^3+12*n^2+2*n-6)*x+(n^3+4*n^2+3*n)*x^2)*P(n,x) = (16*n^3+16*n^2+8*n+(8*n^3-52*n^2-74*n+38)*x-(7*n^3-4*n^2-31*n-12)*x^2+(n^3+2*n^2-n-2)*x^3)*P(n-1,x) + ((32*n^2+32*n-16)*x-(48*n^2+64*n-4)*x^2+(18*n^2+38*n+16)*x^3-(2*n^2+6*n+4)*x^4)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.

P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((16*n^3 + 16*n^2 + 8*n + (8*n^3 - 52*n^2 - 74*n + 38)*x - (7*n^3 - 4*n^2 - 31*n - 12)*x^2 + (n^3 + 2*n^2 - n - 2)*x^3)*P[n - 1, x] + ((32*n^2 + 32*n - 16)*x - (48*n^2 + 64*n - 4)*x^2 + (18*n^2 + 38*n + 16)*x^3 - (2*n^2 + 6*n + 4)*x^4)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(16*n^3 - 16*n^2 + 8*n - (8*n^3 + 12*n^2 + 2*n - 6)*x + (n^3 + 4*n^2 + 3*n)*x^2)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((16*n^3 + 16*n^2 + 8*n + (8*n^3 - 52*n^2 - 74*n + 38)*x - (7*n^3 - 4*n^2 - 31*n - 12)*x^2 + (n^3 + 2*n^2 - n - 2)*x^3)*v[i - 1] + ((32*n^2 + 32*n - 16)*x - (48*n^2 + 64*n - 4)*x^2 + (18*n^2 + 38*n + 16)*x^3 - (2*n^2 + 6*n + 4)*x^4)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(16*n^3 - 16*n^2 + 8*n - (8*n^3 + 12*n^2 + 2*n - 6)*x + (n^3 + 4*n^2 + 3*n)*x^2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Properties

• Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0]
  by Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators

Proof chains ? JSON

• Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators [SP14] polytool ? step ›

  • from veronese_section_2_0 of The truncated (4,4,1)-Pascal triangle, given by 4*C(n-2, k) + 4*C(n-2, k-1) + C(n-2, k-2) for n…?
    • Veronese sections of Pólya frequency sequences [ASW52; Edr53; AW24] polytool ? step ›

      • from The truncated (4,4,1)-Pascal triangle, given by 4*C(n-2, k) + 4*C(n-2, k-1) + C(n-2, k-2) for n>=2.?
        • Liu–Wang theorem [LW07, Thm 2.1, Cor 2.4] ? step › direct check
        • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

          • from reversal of The truncated (4,4,1)-Pascal triangle, given by 4*C(n-2, k) + 4*C(n-2, k-1) + C(n-2, k-2) for n>=2.?
            • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

              • from The truncated (4,4,1)-Pascal triangle, given by 4*C(n-2, k) + 4*C(n-2, k-1) + C(n-2, k-2) for n>=2.?
                • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem (above)
                • Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check
                • Parent-row provers of polytool polytool ? step › direct check
        • ↑ Iterated real-rootedness preservers (above)
        • ↑ Parent-row provers of polytool (above)

References

1. [ASW52] Michael Aissen, I. J. Schoenberg and A. M. Whitney. On the generating functions of totally positive sequences I. Journal d’Analyse Mathématique, 2(1):93–103, 1952. doi:10.1007/BF02786970
2. [AW24] Christos A. Athanasiadis and David G. Wagner. Veronese sections and interlacing matrices of polynomials and formal power series. arXiv:2404.12989. arXiv
3. [Bra06] Petter Brändén. On linear transformations preserving the Pólya frequency property. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 358(8):3697–3716, February 2006. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-06-03856-6
4. [Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
5. [Edr53] Albert Edrei. Proof of a Conjecture of Schoenberg on the Generating Function of a Totally Positive Sequence. Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 5:86–94, 1953. doi:10.4153/CJM-1953-010-3
6. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
7. [SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.