A030528 → (θ+1)²

nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n: all roots real, in (−∞, 0] · coefficients of one sign · Hadamard kernel what this means

Recurrence

\(\left(-n x + n^{2} - 6\,n^{2} x + n^{2} x^{2} + 2\,n^{3} - 3\,n^{3} x + n^{4}\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(-4\,x - 8\,x^{2} + 2\,x^{3} - 10\,n x - 20\,n x^{2} + 2\,n x^{3} + 4\,n^{2} + 10\,n^{2} x - 11\,n^{2} x^{2} + 2\,n^{3} + 10\,n^{3} x - 2\,n^{4}\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(-8\,x^{2} + 2\,x^{3} + x^{4} - 24\,n x^{2} - 2\,n x^{3} + n x^{4} + 4\,n^{2} x - 11\,n^{2} x^{2} - 3\,n^{2} x^{3} + 4\,n^{3} x + n^{3} x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-1}'(x)\)

\(P_{0}(x) = 1\)

Rows ?

n	x⁰	x¹	x²	x³	x⁴	x⁵	x⁶	x⁷	P_n(1)
0	1								1
1	1	4							5
2	0	8	9						17
3	0	4	27	16					47
4	0	0	27	64	25				116
5	0	0	9	96	125	36			266
6	0	0	0	64	250	216	49		579
7	0	0	0	16	250	540	343	64	1213

Show all 15 stored rows

Computed in your browser ?

Technical details

Node id: n-3a80d454b8f8dfa1 · revision 1 · JSON
Definition source: derived:theta_plus_one_squared
Fingerprint: f6-2be0a5b069dfbb51

Observed on the stored rows ?

Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept 0)
Palindromic rows: no
γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

OEIS matches ?

No OEIS matches.

OEIS submission text ?

Fields to paste into an OEIS submission: the example %e, the formula %F and programs %t (Mathematica) and %o (PARI/GP) that list the same rows. For an OEIS link the row numbers, the offset and the orientation are those of the entry, as matched; the matched terms were compared with the published ones, which identifies the node with the entry on a finite prefix, not for every n. The PARI/GP program is not machine-checked here.

The atlas's own rows: n = 0, …, ascending powers of x

%e Example

Triangle begins:
  0: 1;
  1: 1, 4;
  2: 0, 8,  9;
  3: 0, 4, 27, 16;
  4: 0, 0, 27, 64,  25;
  5: 0, 0,  9, 96, 125,  36;
  6: 0, 0,  0, 64, 250, 216,   49;
  7: 0, 0,  0, 16, 250, 540,  343,   64;
  8: 0, 0,  0,  0, 125, 720, 1029,  512,  81;
  9: 0, 0,  0,  0,  25, 540, 1715, 1792, 729, 100;

%F Formula

The row polynomials satisfy (n^4+2*n^3+n^2-(3*n^3+6*n^2+n)*x+n^2*x^2)*P(n,x) = -(2*n^4-2*n^3-4*n^2-(10*n^3+10*n^2-10*n-4)*x+(11*n^2+20*n+8)*x^2-(2*n+2)*x^3)*P(n-1,x) + ((4*n^3+4*n^2)*x+(n^3-11*n^2-24*n-8)*x^2-(3*n^2+2*n-2)*x^3+(n+1)*x^4)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.

%t Mathematica

P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[(-(2*n^4 - 2*n^3 - 4*n^2 - (10*n^3 + 10*n^2 - 10*n - 4)*x + (11*n^2 + 20*n + 8)*x^2 - (2*n + 2)*x^3)*P[n - 1, x] + ((4*n^3 + 4*n^2)*x + (n^3 - 11*n^2 - 24*n - 8)*x^2 - (3*n^2 + 2*n - 2)*x^3 + (n + 1)*x^4)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(n^4 + 2*n^3 + n^2 - (3*n^3 + 6*n^2 + n)*x + n^2*x^2)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten

%o PARI/GP

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (-(2*n^4 - 2*n^3 - 4*n^2 - (10*n^3 + 10*n^2 - 10*n - 4)*x + (11*n^2 + 20*n + 8)*x^2 - (2*n + 2)*x^3)*v[i - 1] + ((4*n^3 + 4*n^2)*x + (n^3 - 11*n^2 - 24*n - 8)*x^2 - (3*n^2 + 2*n - 2)*x^3 + (n + 1)*x^4)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(n^4 + 2*n^3 + n^2 - (3*n^3 + 6*n^2 + n)*x + n^2*x^2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

Proved properties

Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.

by the cited steps: e-f958c519243bd336
Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).

derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-f958c519243bd336
Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.

derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-f958c519243bd336

Proof chains

1 incoming proof step. Each step is expanded back to the roots of the proof DAG, the theorem checks of a node's own rule. JSON

preserver_image euler_polynomial, shift 0 e-f958c519243bd336

Laguerre’s theorem on multiplier sequences [SP14; Bra15, Thm 40] polytool ?
- premise (sequence): Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = binomial(k,n-k).
  uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
  - basis_map A027466 e-1781530cbfe1e9bf
    
    Geometric basis map (elementary) polytool ?
    
    premise (sequence): basis-map coefficients of Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = binomial(k,n-k).
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 7]
    
    preserver_image affine, shift 0 e-742e5241e9a4e627
    
    Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ?
    
    premise (sequence): Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = binomial(k,n-k).
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-4, 0]
    
    theorem_check ma_wang_interval e-f811a014585c6352 root: theorem check
    
    Ma–Wang interval theorem [MW08, Thm 2, Cor 3] RealRooted RealRooted.affineEndpointStep_closed ?
  - basis_map A027467 e-361937c2693b166b
    
    Geometric basis map (elementary) polytool ?
    
    premise (sequence): basis-map coefficients of Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = binomial(k,n-k).
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 15]
    
    preserver_image affine, shift 0 e-8f58f94d7421b40d
    
    Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ?
    
    premise (sequence): Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = binomial(k,n-k).
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-4, 0]
    
    ↵ theorem_check ma_wang_interval e-f811a014585c6352 (expanded above)
  - basis_map A027465 e-5c2b8bc6b43c730e
    
    Geometric basis map (elementary) polytool ?
    
    premise (sequence): basis-map coefficients of Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = binomial(k,n-k).
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 3]
    
    preserver_image affine, shift 0 e-a2e7017ebd9e3749
    
    Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ?
    
    premise (sequence): Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = binomial(k,n-k).
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-4, 0]
    
    ↵ theorem_check ma_wang_interval e-f811a014585c6352 (expanded above)
  - basis_map A007318 e-ba7f4c6c74dd05c0
    
    Geometric basis map (elementary) polytool ?
    
    premise (sequence): basis-map coefficients of Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = binomial(k,n-k).
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 1]
    
    preserver_image affine, shift 0 e-51281bad32c8f5cd
    
    Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ?
    
    premise (sequence): Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = binomial(k,n-k).
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-4, 0]
    
    ↵ theorem_check ma_wang_interval e-f811a014585c6352 (expanded above)
  - preserver_image reversal, shift 1 e-fb809a8e7c094d2b
    
    Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ?
    
    premise (sequence): Irregular triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = binomial(n-k, k), n >= 0, 0 <= k <= floor(n/2); or, coefficients of (one vers…
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 1, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
    
    parent_provers paper_theorem e-0801036cdfff24d2 root: theorem check
    
    Parent-row provers of polytool polytool ?
    
    parent_provers paper_theorem e-0d3631d0f359c9ce root: theorem check
    
    Parent-row provers of polytool polytool ?
    
    gamma_polynomial scale 1, shift 0 e-a039cba7823b0b25
    
    Gamma criterion RealRooted IsGammaExpansion.isRealRooted_and_hasRootsNonpos_iff ?
    
    premise (sequence): delannoy
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
    
    theorem_check liu_wang_derivative_lag e-15c233e4385971d1 root: theorem check
    
    Liu–Wang theorem with a lag row [LW07, Thm 2.1] RealRooted ?
    
    preserver_image reversal, shift 0 e-266d85ca03a298fa
    
    Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ?
    
    premise (sequence): delannoy
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
    
    ↵ theorem_check liu_wang_derivative_lag e-15c233e4385971d1 (expanded above)
    
    basis_map A008288 e-e771e35dc9ee3fbd
    
    Affine-current basis map theorem polytool RealRooted orderTwoConstants_nonneg_iff ?
    
    premise (sequence): a(n) = 1 if n is of the form m(m+3)/2, otherwise 0.
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in [0, 0]
    
    no recorded property covers this requirement
    
    basis_map A008288 e-33dba7e79fe9caa8
    
    Affine-current basis map theorem polytool RealRooted orderTwoConstants_nonneg_iff ?
    
    premise (sequence): a(n) = 1 if n is of the form m(m+3)/2, otherwise 0.
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in [0, 0]
    
    no recorded property covers this requirement
    
    ↵ basis_map A008288 e-e771e35dc9ee3fbd (expanded above)
    
    ↵ basis_map A008288 e-33dba7e79fe9caa8 (expanded above)
  - basis_map A030528 e-be49b310b519d57a
    
    Affine-current basis map theorem polytool RealRooted orderTwoConstants_nonneg_iff ?
    
    premise (sequence): a(n) = 1 if n is of the form m(m+3)/2, otherwise 0.
    uses: Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in [0, 0]
    
    no recorded property covers this requirement
  - ↵ theorem_check ma_wang_interval e-f811a014585c6352 (expanded above)

Related sequences ?

No candidate equalities or related sequences.

References

[Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
[LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
[MW08] Shi-Mei Ma and Yi Wang. q-Eulerian polynomials and polynomials with only real zeros. The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 15(1):Research Paper 17, January 2008. doi:10.37236/741
[SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.