A028246 → D

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Triangle begins:
  0:   0;
  1:   1;
  2:   3,     4;
  3:   7,    24,     18;
  4:  15,   100,    180,      96;
  5:  31,   360,   1170,    1440,      600;
  6:  63,  1204,   6300,   13440,    12600,     4320;
  7: 127,  3864,  30618,  100800,   159600,   120960,    35280;
  8: 255, 12100, 139860,  667296,  1587600,  1995840,  1270080,   322560;
  9: 511, 37320, 613890, 4082400, 13696200, 25401600, 26460000, 14515200, 3265920;

The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = -(2+4*x+2*x^2)*P(n-2,x) - (x+2*x^2+x^3)*d/dx P(n-2,x) + (3+4*x)*P(n-1,x) + (x+x^2)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 2, with P(0,x) = 0, P(1,x) = 1.

P[0, x_] := 0;
P[1, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[-(2 + 4*x + 2*x^2)*P[n - 2, x] - (x + 2*x^2 + x^3)*D[P[n - 2, x], x] + (3 + 4*x)*P[n - 1, x] + (x + x^2)*D[P[n - 1, x], x]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 0; v[2] = 1; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = -(2 + 4*x + 2*x^2)*v[i - 2] - (x + 2*x^2 + x^3)*deriv(v[i - 2], x) + (3 + 4*x)*v[i - 1] + (x + x^2)*deriv(v[i - 1], x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Properties

• Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0]
  by Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators

Proof chains ? JSON

• Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators [SP14] polytool ? step ›

  • from Triangular array a(n,k) = (1/k)*Sum_{i=0..k} (-1)^(k-i)*binomial(k,i)*i^n; n >= 1, 1 <= k <= n, read by rows.?
    • Ma–Wang interval theorem [MW08, Thm 2, Cor 3] RealRooted RealRooted.affineEndpointStep_closed ? step › direct check
    • Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check
    • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

      • from Triangle read by rows, 0 <= k <= n, T(n,k) = Sum_{j=0..n} A(n,j)*binomial(n-j,k) where A(n,j) are the Eulerian numbers …?
        • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

          • from Triangular array a(n,k) = (1/k)*Sum_{i=0..k} (-1)^(k-i)*binomial(k,i)*i^n; n >= 1, 1 <= k <= n, read by rows.?
            • ↑ Ma–Wang interval theorem (above)
            • ↑ Iterated real-rootedness preservers (above)
        • Iterated real-rootedness preservers [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601; Bra06, Cor 3.5] polytool ? step › direct check
        • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

          • from Triangular array a(n,k) = (1/k)*Sum_{i=0..k} (-1)^(k-i)*binomial(k,i)*i^n; n >= 1, 1 <= k <= n, read by rows.?
            • ↑ Ma–Wang interval theorem (above)
            • ↑ Iterated real-rootedness preservers (above)
        • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

          • from Triangle of Eulerian numbers T(n,k), 0 <= k <= n, read by rows.?
            • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

              • from Euler's triangle: triangle of Eulerian numbers T(n,k) (n>=0, 0 <= k <= n) read by rows.?
                • Liu–Wang theorem [LW07, Thm 2.1, Cor 2.4] ? step › direct check
                • Parent-row provers of polytool polytool ? step › direct check
                • Parent-row provers of polytool polytool ? step › direct check
            • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

              • from Euler's triangle: triangle of Eulerian numbers T(n,k) (n>=0, 0 <= k <= n) read by rows.?
                • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem (above)
                • ↑ Parent-row provers of polytool (above)
                • ↑ Parent-row provers of polytool (above)
        • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

          • from Triangle of Eulerian numbers T(n,k), 0 <= k <= n, read by rows.?
            • ↑ Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) (above)
            • ↑ Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) (above)

References

1. [Bra06] Petter Brändén. On linear transformations preserving the Pólya frequency property. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 358(8):3697–3716, February 2006. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-06-03856-6
2. [Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
3. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
4. [MW08] Shi-Mei Ma and Yi Wang. q-Eulerian polynomials and polynomials with only real zeros. The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 15(1):Research Paper 17, January 2008. doi:10.37236/741
5. [SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.