Real-rooted atlas

A008292 → D+1

nonnegative coefficients

Proved for all n: all roots real, in (−∞, 0] · coefficients of one sign · interlacing (weak) · Hadamard kernel what this means

Recurrence
\(\left(-3 + 2\,x + n\right)\,P_{n}(x) = \left(4 - 18\,x + 32\,x^{2} - 22\,x^{3} + 4\,x^{4} - 2\,n + 11\,n x - 25\,n x^{2} + 16\,n x^{3} - 2\,n x^{4} - 2\,n^{2} x + 8\,n^{2} x^{2} - 3\,n^{2} x^{3} - n^{3} x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-2}(x) + \left(2\,x - 10\,x^{2} + 16\,x^{3} - 10\,x^{4} + 2\,x^{5} - n x + 6\,n x^{2} - 8\,n x^{3} + 3\,n x^{4} - n^{2} x^{2} + n^{2} x^{3}\right)\,P_{n-2}'(x) + \left(-8 + 21\,x - 14\,x^{2} + 2\,x^{3} + 3\,n - 11\,n x + 5\,n x^{2} + 2\,n^{2} x\right)\,P_{n-1}(x) + \left(-3\,x + 5\,x^{2} - 2\,x^{3} + n x - n x^{2}\right)\,P_{n-1}'(x)\)
\(P_{1}(x) = 1\)
\(P_{2}(x) = 2 + x\)

Rows ?

nx0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7Pn(1)
111
2213
356112
4123314160
527158144301360
65866112085306212520
71212502843971801791126120160
8248883351150780953708457752541181440

Show all 15 stored rows

Computed in your browser ?

Technical details
Node id
n-1df15b470497821b · revision 1 · JSON
Definition source
derived:one_plus_derivative
Fingerprint
f6-d762c6db5469cb8f

Observed on the stored rows ?

  • Degrees: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (affine: slope 1, intercept -1)
  • Palindromic rows: no
  • γ-positive (gamma_positive): no
  • Nonnegative coefficients (nonn): yes
  • Only rational roots (rr_by_factors: every nonzero row is a product of linear factors over ℚ): no

OEIS matches ?

OEIS submission text ?

Fields to paste into an OEIS submission: the example %e, the formula %F and programs %t (Mathematica) and %o (PARI/GP) that list the same rows. For an OEIS link the row numbers, the offset and the orientation are those of the entry, as matched; the matched terms were compared with the published ones, which identifies the node with the entry on a finite prefix, not for every n. The PARI/GP program is not machine-checked here.

The atlas's own rows: n = 1, …, ascending powers of x
%e Example
Triangle begins:
   1:    1;
   2:    2,     1;
   3:    5,     6,       1;
   4:   12,    33,      14,       1;
   5:   27,   158,     144,      30,       1;
   6:   58,   661,    1208,     530,      62,       1;
   7:  121,  2502,    8439,    7180,    1791,     126,      1;
   8:  248,  8833,   51150,   78095,   37084,    5775,    254,     1;
   9:  503, 29718,  279310,  712994,  597360,  175882,  18122,   510,    1;
  10: 1014, 96693, 1413416, 5696608, 7862124, 4041506, 790072, 55944, 1022, 1;
%F Formula
The row polynomials satisfy (n-3+2*x)*P(n,x) = -(2*n-4+(2*n^2-11*n+18)*x+(n^3-8*n^2+25*n-32)*x^2+(3*n^2-16*n+22)*x^3+(2*n-4)*x^4)*P(n-2,x) - ((n-2)*x+(n^2-6*n+10)*x^2-(n^2-8*n+16)*x^3-(3*n-10)*x^4-2*x^5)*d/dx P(n-2,x) + (3*n-8+(2*n^2-11*n+21)*x+(5*n-14)*x^2+2*x^3)*P(n-1,x) + ((n-3)*x-(n-5)*x^2-2*x^3)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 3, with P(1,x) = 1, P(2,x) = 2 + x.
%t Mathematica
P[1, x_] := 1;
P[2, x_] := 2 + x;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[(-(2*n - 4 + (2*n^2 - 11*n + 18)*x + (n^3 - 8*n^2 + 25*n - 32)*x^2 + (3*n^2 - 16*n + 22)*x^3 + (2*n - 4)*x^4)*P[n - 2, x] - ((n - 2)*x + (n^2 - 6*n + 10)*x^2 - (n^2 - 8*n + 16)*x^3 - (3*n - 10)*x^4 - 2*x^5)*D[P[n - 2, x], x] + (3*n - 8 + (2*n^2 - 11*n + 21)*x + (5*n - 14)*x^2 + 2*x^3)*P[n - 1, x] + ((n - 3)*x - (n - 5)*x^2 - 2*x^3)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(n - 3 + 2*x)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 1, 10}] // Flatten
%o PARI/GP
P(N) = {my(v = vector(N)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 2 + x; for(n = 3, N, my(i = n); v[i] = (-(2*n - 4 + (2*n^2 - 11*n + 18)*x + (n^3 - 8*n^2 + 25*n - 32)*x^2 + (3*n^2 - 16*n + 22)*x^3 + (2*n - 4)*x^4)*v[i - 2] - ((n - 2)*x + (n^2 - 6*n + 10)*x^2 - (n^2 - 8*n + 16)*x^3 - (3*n - 10)*x^4 - 2*x^5)*deriv(v[i - 2], x) + (3*n - 8 + (2*n^2 - 11*n + 21)*x + (5*n - 14)*x^2 + 2*x^3)*v[i - 1] + ((n - 3)*x - (n - 5)*x^2 - 2*x^3)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(n - 3 + 2*x)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i, v[i])))};
T(10)

Generated with polytool c48629374597.

Proved properties

  • Real-rooted. Every row P_n, n >= 1, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]
    Every polynomial of the sequence has only real roots, inside the stated interval.
    by the cited steps: e-667ea58aa192e8e7
  • Coefficients of one sign. Every nonzero row, n >= 1: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
    All coefficients of each polynomial have the same sign (after x -> -x when alternating).
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-667ea58aa192e8e7
  • Hadamard kernel (Malo). Rows P_n, n >= 1, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
    Multiplying the coefficients of any real-rooted polynomial termwise by those of a row (Hadamard product) gives a real-rooted polynomial again.
    derived from the cited steps by a stated theorem: e-667ea58aa192e8e7
  • Interlacing of consecutive rows. Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, unordered) for every m >= 2
    The roots of consecutive polynomials alternate on the real line.
    by the cited steps: e-667ea58aa192e8e7

Proof chains

1 incoming proof step. Each step is expanded back to the roots of the proof DAG, the theorem checks of a node's own rule. JSON

Same fingerprint (1)

Equal up to content, sign, reversal and a small index shift.

References

  1. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
  2. [SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.