A001263 → basis A013611 → D+1

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Submission text ?

Triangle begins:
  0:      1;
  1:      6,       4;
  2:     25,      52,       16;
  3:     98,     372,      336,        64;
  4:    378,    2128,     3584,      1920,       256;
  5:   1452,   10920,    27840,     28160,     10240,      1024;
  6:   5577,   52668,   182160,    283200,    195840,     52224,      4096;
  7:  21450,  244244,  1073072,   2291520,   2464000,   1254400,    258048,    16384;
  8:  82654, 1102816,  5893888,  16144128,  24088064,  19238912,   7569408,  1245184,   65536;
  9: 319124, 4884984, 30805632, 103434240, 199600128, 223082496, 138657792, 43646976, 5898240, 262144;

The row polynomials satisfy (4*n^3+6*n^2-4*n+(8*n^2+9*n-14)*x+(4*n+8)*x^2)*P(n,x) = (16*n^3+16*n^2+4*n+(48*n^3+40*n^2-32*n-14)*x+(96*n^2-20*n+8)*x^2+48*n*x^3)*P(n-1,x) - ((8*n^2+8*n+2)*x+(32*n^2+48*n+10)*x^2+(64*n+16)*x^3+32*x^4)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.

P[0, x_] := 1;
P[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[((16*n^3 + 16*n^2 + 4*n + (48*n^3 + 40*n^2 - 32*n - 14)*x + (96*n^2 - 20*n + 8)*x^2 + 48*n*x^3)*P[n - 1, x] - ((8*n^2 + 8*n + 2)*x + (32*n^2 + 48*n + 10)*x^2 + (64*n + 16)*x^3 + 32*x^4)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(4*n^3 + 6*n^2 - 4*n + (8*n^2 + 9*n - 14)*x + (4*n + 8)*x^2)]];
Table[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten

P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = ((16*n^3 + 16*n^2 + 4*n + (48*n^3 + 40*n^2 - 32*n - 14)*x + (96*n^2 - 20*n + 8)*x^2 + 48*n*x^3)*v[i - 1] - ((8*n^2 + 8*n + 2)*x + (32*n^2 + 48*n + 10)*x^2 + (64*n + 16)*x^3 + 32*x^4)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(4*n^3 + 6*n^2 - 4*n + (8*n^2 + 9*n - 14)*x + (4*n + 8)*x^2)); v};
row(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};
T(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};
T(9)

Properties

• Real-rooted? Every row P_n, n ≥ 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (−∞, 0]
  by Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Coefficients of one sign? Every nonzero row, n ≥ 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Hadamard kernel (Malo)? Rows P_n, n ≥ 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)
  derived from Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators
• Interlacing of consecutive rows? Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, unordered) for every m ≥ 1
  by Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators

Proof chains ? JSON

• Laguerre’s theorem on differential operators [SP14] polytool ? step ›

  • from basis_map_A013611 of Triangle of Narayana numbers T(n,k) = C(n-1,k-1)*C(n,k-1)/k with 1 <= k <= n, read by rows. Also c…?
    • Geometric basis map (elementary) polytool ? step ›

      • from Triangle of Narayana numbers T(n,k) = C(n-1,k-1)*C(n,k-1)/k with 1 <= k <= n, read by rows. Also called the Catalan tri…?
        • Liu–Wang theorem for three-term recurrences [LW07, Thm 2.1, Thm 2.3, Cor 2.4, Prop 3.3] polytool ? step › direct check
        • Three-term recurrence criterion [Sze39, §3.3; Fav35] polytool ? step › direct check
        • Row-hypergeometric rows (multiplier sequences) [SP14; Bra15, Thm 7.1 of arXiv:1410.6601] polytool RealRooted RealRooted.isPFMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos RealRooted RealRooted.isPFMultiplierSequence_inv_ascPochhammer RealRooted RealRooted.IsPFMultiplierSequence.mul ? step › direct check
        • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

          • from Triangle of Narayana numbers T(n,k) = C(n-1,k-1)*C(n,k-1)/k with 1 <= k <= n, read by rows. Also called the Catalan tri…?
            • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem for three-term recurrences (above)
            • ↑ Three-term recurrence criterion (above)
            • ↑ Row-hypergeometric rows (multiplier sequences) (above)
            • Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) polytool ? step ›

              • from Triangle of Narayana numbers T(n,k) = C(n-1,k-1)*C(n,k-1)/k with 1 <= k <= n, read by rows. Also called the Catalan tri…?
                • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem for three-term recurrences (above)
                • ↑ Three-term recurrence criterion (above)
                • ↑ Row-hypergeometric rows (multiplier sequences) (above)
        • ↑ Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) (above)
    • Geometric basis map (elementary) polytool ? step ›

      • from Triangle of Narayana numbers T(n,k) = C(n-1,k-1)*C(n,k-1)/k with 1 <= k <= n, read by rows. Also called the Catalan tri…?
        • ↑ Liu–Wang theorem for three-term recurrences (above)
        • ↑ Three-term recurrence criterion (above)
        • ↑ Row-hypergeometric rows (multiplier sequences) (above)
        • ↑ Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) (above)
        • ↑ Affine, reversal and Möbius substitutions (elementary) (above)

Related ?

Same fingerprint ?

• narayana → basis A013611 → D+1

References

1. [Bra15] Petter Brändén. Unimodality, log-concavity, real-rootedness and beyond. Handbook of enumerative combinatorics, :437–483, March 2015. doi:10.1201/b18255-10
2. [Fav35] Jean Favard. Sur les polynômes de tchebicheff. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 200:2052–2053, 1935.
3. [LW07] Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang. A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 38(4):542–560, May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.aam.2006.02.003
4. [SP14] J Schur and G Polya. Über zwei Arten von Faktorenfolgen in der Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1914.
5. [Sze39] G. Szegő. Orthogonal Polynomials. Colloquium publications, American Mathematical Society, 1939. doi:10.1090/coll/023