{"chains":[{"edge":{"id":"e-ddc0923472cbb707","operation":{"index_shift":0,"operation":"preserver_image","operator":"{\"shape\":\"euler_polynomial\",\"coefficients\":[{\"numerator\":[\"1\"],\"denominator\":[\"1\"]},{\"numerator\":[\"2\"],\"denominator\":[\"1\"]},{\"numerator\":[\"1\"],\"denominator\":[\"1\"]}]}"},"operation_detail":"euler_polynomial, shift 0","conclusion_id":"n-f95e6c0740980414","premise_count":1,"theorem":"Laguerre's theorem on multiplier sequences: if f is a real polynomial whose roots are all real and <= 0, then (f(k))_(k >= 0) is a multiplier sequence, so x^k -> f(k) x^k maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero (Laguerre; see T. Craven and G. Csordas, Multiplier sequences for fields, Illinois J. Math. 21 (1977); Polya--Schur, Theorem 40 of P. Branden, arXiv:1410.6601: sum_k f(k) x^k / k! = f(theta) e^x = C e^x x^m prod (1 + x/a_j), a_j > 0); f(k) has one sign for k >= 0, so coefficients of one sign stay of one sign; applied to f(n, .) for each n","lean_route":null,"lean_declarations":["RealRooted.isMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos","RealRooted.isPFMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos","RealRooted.isMultiplierSequence_iff_preserves"],"certificate_hash":"047ada48bedc89cdbb58c05223b0eb18eec1746389b19101de75c6168b43cac6","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},{"claim":"interlacing","from_index":1,"kind":"weak","orientation":"unordered"}],"premises":[{"position":0,"node_id":"n-3df3926aefc1fd76","role":"sequence","name":"reversal of Coefficients of raising factorial polynomials, T(n,k) = [x^k] p(x, n) where p(x, n) = (m*x + n - 1)*p(x, n - 1) with p[x, 0] = 1, p[x, -1] = 0, p[x, 1] = m*x and m = 2. Triangle read by rows, for n >= 0 and 0 <= k <= n.","uses":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"uses_text":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]"}]},"premises":[{"premise":{"position":0,"node_id":"n-3df3926aefc1fd76","role":"sequence","name":"reversal of Coefficients of raising factorial polynomials, T(n,k) = [x^k] p(x, n) where p(x, n) = (m*x + n - 1)*p(x, n - 1) with p[x, 0] = 1, p[x, -1] = 0, p[x, 1] = m*x and m = 2. Triangle read by rows, for n >= 0 and 0 <= k <= n.","uses":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"uses_text":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]"},"chains":[{"edge":{"id":"e-a28ae8b138b0cf1e","operation":{"index_shift":0,"operation":"preserver_image","operator":"{\"shape\":\"reversal\",\"schedule\":{\"first_index\":0,\"first_degree\":0,\"step\":1}}"},"operation_detail":"reversal, shift 0","conclusion_id":"n-3df3926aefc1fd76","premise_count":1,"theorem":"a real affine substitution x -> a x + b (a != 0), the reversal x^d p(1/x) (d >= deg p) and a real Mobius map (c x + e)^d p((a x + b)/(c x + e)) (a e - b c != 0, d >= deg p) map real roots to real roots: a root r of p gives the root (r - b)/a, 1/r (and 0) or (e r - b)/(a - c r) (and -e/c); for an input row that is a polynomial the degree condition holds automatically","lean_route":"reversed","lean_declarations":["RealRooted.X_pow_mul_reverse_eq_zero_or_splits","RealRooted.reflect_eq_zero_or_splits"],"certificate_hash":"54e06fb50f7c34b02fe16b99f755774cab6c241a99bd29fd59d166cabaa6d93a","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}}],"premises":[{"position":0,"node_id":"n-60c7e36cbe887b7e","role":"sequence","name":"Coefficients of raising factorial polynomials, T(n,k) = [x^k] p(x, n) where p(x, n) = (m*x + n - 1)*p(x, n - 1) with p[x, 0] = 1, p[x, -1] = 0, p[x, 1] = m*x and m = 2. Triangle read by rows, for n >= 0 and 0 <= k <= n.","uses":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"uses_text":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]"}]},"premises":[{"premise":{"position":0,"node_id":"n-60c7e36cbe887b7e","role":"sequence","name":"Coefficients of raising factorial polynomials, T(n,k) = [x^k] p(x, n) where p(x, n) = (m*x + n - 1)*p(x, n - 1) with p[x, 0] = 1, p[x, -1] = 0, p[x, 1] = m*x and m = 2. Triangle read by rows, for n >= 0 and 0 <= k <= n.","uses":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"uses_text":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]"},"chains":[{"edge":{"id":"e-6aa1e3cc7e408461","operation":{"operation":"parent_provers","route":"root_domain"},"operation_detail":"root_domain","conclusion_id":"n-60c7e36cbe887b7e","premise_count":0,"theorem":"polytool parent provers, route root_domain: every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","lean_route":null,"lean_declarations":[],"certificate_hash":"339dfe43528e11d671a5f12e4dfc02f39846fa5b372fe1a1b7cfd7c7bfc65751","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}}],"premises":[]},"premises":[]},{"edge":{"id":"e-7aa86eca77017da8","operation":{"operation":"theorem_check","theorem":"iterated_preserver"},"operation_detail":"iterated_preserver","conclusion_id":"n-60c7e36cbe887b7e","premise_count":0,"theorem":"Iterated real-rootedness preservers (induction on n): if P_m is nonzero and real-rooted with every root in a closed region R and, for every n > m, P_n = a_n(x) S_n(P_(n-1)) where S_n maps every polynomial that is zero or real-rooted with every root in R to zero or a real-rooted polynomial with every root in R and a_n is real-rooted with every root in R, then every P_n is real-rooted with every root in R (the roots of a product are the roots of its factors); an exact degree step keeps every row nonzero; here S_n is the identity","lean_route":null,"lean_declarations":[],"certificate_hash":"d9bf290826b61202bc7f89ef644a71a80de78c57beb588a28d1fa0803ff9527b","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},{"claim":"interlacing","from_index":1,"kind":"weak","orientation":"previous_interlaces_next"}],"premises":[]},"premises":[]},{"edge":{"id":"e-f329640d21a7ba5a","operation":{"operation":"parent_provers","route":"root_domain"},"operation_detail":"root_domain","conclusion_id":"n-60c7e36cbe887b7e","premise_count":0,"theorem":"polytool parent provers, route root_domain: every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","lean_route":null,"lean_declarations":[],"certificate_hash":"7f1f5f48a2813356605e4c28e2b09dabc8b3dee6606770d46402dcd9a8ed61e2","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}}],"premises":[]},"premises":[]}]}]},{"edge":{"id":"e-e27a2100219eda50","operation":{"index_shift":0,"operation":"preserver_image","operator":"{\"shape\":\"reversal\",\"schedule\":{\"first_index\":0,\"first_degree\":0,\"step\":1}}"},"operation_detail":"reversal, shift 0","conclusion_id":"n-3df3926aefc1fd76","premise_count":1,"theorem":"a real affine substitution x -> a x + b (a != 0), the reversal x^d p(1/x) (d >= deg p) and a real Mobius map (c x + e)^d p((a x + b)/(c x + e)) (a e - b c != 0, d >= deg p) map real roots to real roots: a root r of p gives the root (r - b)/a, 1/r (and 0) or (e r - b)/(a - c r) (and -e/c); for an input row that is a polynomial the degree condition holds automatically","lean_route":"reversed","lean_declarations":["RealRooted.X_pow_mul_reverse_eq_zero_or_splits","RealRooted.reflect_eq_zero_or_splits"],"certificate_hash":"57145a187fdccc0777468e18cc4a8e029863a7e5f1f12f53bccee66cf55e7a81","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}}],"premises":[{"position":0,"node_id":"n-60c7e36cbe887b7e","role":"sequence","name":"Coefficients of raising factorial polynomials, T(n,k) = [x^k] p(x, n) where p(x, n) = (m*x + n - 1)*p(x, n - 1) with p[x, 0] = 1, p[x, -1] = 0, p[x, 1] = m*x and m = 2. Triangle read by rows, for n >= 0 and 0 <= k <= n.","uses":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"uses_text":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]"}]},"premises":[{"premise":{"position":0,"node_id":"n-60c7e36cbe887b7e","role":"sequence","name":"Coefficients of raising factorial polynomials, T(n,k) = [x^k] p(x, n) where p(x, n) = (m*x + n - 1)*p(x, n - 1) with p[x, 0] = 1, p[x, -1] = 0, p[x, 1] = m*x and m = 2. Triangle read by rows, for n >= 0 and 0 <= k <= n.","uses":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"uses_text":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]"},"chains":[{"edge":{"id":"e-6aa1e3cc7e408461","operation":{"operation":"parent_provers","route":"root_domain"},"operation_detail":"root_domain","conclusion_id":"n-60c7e36cbe887b7e","premise_count":0,"theorem":"polytool parent provers, route root_domain: every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","lean_route":null,"lean_declarations":[],"certificate_hash":"339dfe43528e11d671a5f12e4dfc02f39846fa5b372fe1a1b7cfd7c7bfc65751","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}}],"premises":[]},"repeat":true,"premises":[]},{"edge":{"id":"e-7aa86eca77017da8","operation":{"operation":"theorem_check","theorem":"iterated_preserver"},"operation_detail":"iterated_preserver","conclusion_id":"n-60c7e36cbe887b7e","premise_count":0,"theorem":"Iterated real-rootedness preservers (induction on n): if P_m is nonzero and real-rooted with every root in a closed region R and, for every n > m, P_n = a_n(x) S_n(P_(n-1)) where S_n maps every polynomial that is zero or real-rooted with every root in R to zero or a real-rooted polynomial with every root in R and a_n is real-rooted with every root in R, then every P_n is real-rooted with every root in R (the roots of a product are the roots of its factors); an exact degree step keeps every row nonzero; here S_n is the identity","lean_route":null,"lean_declarations":[],"certificate_hash":"d9bf290826b61202bc7f89ef644a71a80de78c57beb588a28d1fa0803ff9527b","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},{"claim":"interlacing","from_index":1,"kind":"weak","orientation":"previous_interlaces_next"}],"premises":[]},"repeat":true,"premises":[]},{"edge":{"id":"e-f329640d21a7ba5a","operation":{"operation":"parent_provers","route":"root_domain"},"operation_detail":"root_domain","conclusion_id":"n-60c7e36cbe887b7e","premise_count":0,"theorem":"polytool parent provers, route root_domain: every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","lean_route":null,"lean_declarations":[],"certificate_hash":"7f1f5f48a2813356605e4c28e2b09dabc8b3dee6606770d46402dcd9a8ed61e2","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}}],"premises":[]},"repeat":true,"premises":[]}]}]}]}]}],"truncated":false,"expanded":6}