{"id":"n-f618e014540b976e","revision":0,"first_index":0,"fingerprint":"f6-6ffafa6a7d4d1aed","name":"one_plus_derivative of Triangle T(n,k) giving number of degree-2n permutations which decompose into exactly k cycles of even length, k=0..n.","polytool_family":null,"interpretation":null,"rows_observed":15,"degree_pattern":"affine","degree_slope":1,"degree_intercept":0,"palindromic":0,"gamma_positive":0,"nonnegative":1,"rr_by_factors":false,"rows":[["1"],["1","1"],["6","12","3"],["120","300","135","15"],["5040","14280","8400","1680","105"],["362880","1118880","774900","207900","23625","945"],["39916800","131060160","101704680","32848200","5093550","374220","10395"],["6227020800","21483221760","18162144000","6689723040","1267566300","128648520","6621615","135135"],["1307674368000","4698287193600","4250720073600","1729944216000","378453675600","47448601200","3405402000","129729600","2027025"],["355687428096000","1322395045171200","1264886951328000","557287745414400","136080545000400","19880055795600","1777279303800","95108013000","2791213425","34459425"],["121645100408832000","465775227716198400","466900565574643200","219574970911296000","58537702867644000","9619677645177600","1009309390689600","67725175518000","2808787731750","65472907500","654729075"],["51090942171709440000","200734689857974272000","209492883660117657600","104090248173258547200","29833716062470320000","5388053429454696000","639842536686553200","50679518801511600","2649767134014000","87720601468500","1663666579575","13749310575"],["25852016738884976640000","103921936408033615872000","112341200097144988569600","58520479641781751193600","17830335527108610105600","3481685700325520688000","456813891322992403200","41158506209020200000","2552328299842120800","107000984701611000","2894174878795200","45537716624400","316234143225"],["15511210043330985984000000","63645762681764418355200000","70978642464352191528960000","38531703123019097671680000","12374244971190490227840000","2581315153232414639040000","367879943576725299720000","36782719723955925720000","2605571377600341150000","130075072208851770000","4472404617388207500","100720574617162500","1336089255125625","7905853580625"],["10888869450418352160768000000","45516930744938494928486400000","52195259063001729085931520000","29387881234203135014891520000","9881614376351063866840320000","2182101090184962142035840000","333577607985404916653520000","36368853439831931818800000","2869558004060189622180000","164222790414408605880000","6746891433150874005000","193780630102013955000","3690689627043168750","41837777148667500","213458046676875"]],"degrees":[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14],"row_sums":["1","2","21","570","29505","2489130","311008005","53965081170","12416065286625","3658092983795250","1343133154605367125","601323794575624370250","322448288780124848966625","204030281321109275939156250","150425643145722252760780453125"],"nonn":true,"definitions":[{"position":0,"source":"derived:one_plus_derivative","source_kind":"derived","equality_edge_id":null,"recurrence":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"],["1","1"]],"recurrence":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-48","24","-3"],["176","-76","8"],["-204","64","-4"],["96","-16","0"],["-16","0","0"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":2,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["6","-2"],["-16","4"],["8","0"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"}}],"properties":[{"id":192918,"position":0,"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region_key":"(-inf, 0]","provenance":"edges","claim_data":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"label":"Real-rooted","description":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-78a0ffcfaa54334f"]},{"id":192919,"position":1,"claim":"one_signed_coefficients","from_index":0,"region_key":null,"provenance":"derived_from_edges","claim_data":{"alternating":false,"claim":"one_signed_coefficients","from_index":0},"label":"Coefficients of one sign","description":"Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-78a0ffcfaa54334f"]},{"id":192920,"position":2,"claim":"hadamard_kernel","from_index":0,"region_key":null,"provenance":"derived_from_edges","claim_data":{"claim":"hadamard_kernel","from_index":0},"label":"Hadamard kernel (Malo)","description":"Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-78a0ffcfaa54334f"]}],"region_exact":{},"incoming_edges":[{"id":"e-78a0ffcfaa54334f","operation":{"index_shift":0,"operation":"preserver_image","operator":"{\"shape\":\"derivative_polynomial\",\"coefficients\":[{\"numerator\":[\"1\"],\"denominator\":[\"1\"]},{\"numerator\":[\"1\"],\"denominator\":[\"1\"]}]}"},"operation_detail":"derivative_polynomial, shift 0","conclusion_id":"n-f618e014540b976e","premise_count":1,"theorem":"Laguerre's theorem on differential operators: if phi is a real polynomial with only real roots, then phi(D) maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero (write phi(D) = C D^j prod (1 + c_i D); D preserves real-rootedness by Rolle's theorem and p + c p' is real-rooted for every real c by Rolle's theorem applied to e^(x/c) p; Polya--Schur 1914); when the coefficients of phi have one sign, coefficients of one sign stay of one sign; applied to phi(n, .) for each n","lean_route":null,"lean_declarations":["RealRooted.splits_add_C_mul_derivative_all","RealRooted.splits_C_mul_add_derivative","Polynomial.Splits.derivative"],"certificate_hash":"e42ddba6d023cbd7a1870b081aa630d391db4ecf0dbb8ec1a367371ce3ccd80a","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}}],"premises":[{"position":0,"node_id":"n-1336d058dca9979e","role":"sequence","name":"Triangle T(n,k) giving number of degree-2n permutations which decompose into exactly k cycles of even length, k=0..n.","uses":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"uses_text":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]"}]}],"used_by":[],"used_by_total":0,"links":[],"oeis":[],"bfiles":[],"oeis_texts":[{"oeis_id":"","target":"node","first_row":0,"oeis_offset":0,"reversed":false,"trim_zeros":"none","regular_triangle":false,"rows_shown":10,"polytool_commit":"c48629374597092cc41ef4d6273f37991516f984","triangle_example":"Triangle begins:\n  0:               1;\n  1:               1,                1;\n  2:               6,               12,                3;\n  3:             120,              300,              135,              15;\n  4:            5040,            14280,             8400,            1680,             105;\n  5:          362880,          1118880,           774900,          207900,           23625,            945;\n  6:        39916800,        131060160,        101704680,        32848200,         5093550,         374220,         10395;\n  7:      6227020800,      21483221760,      18162144000,      6689723040,      1267566300,      128648520,       6621615,      135135;\n  8:   1307674368000,    4698287193600,    4250720073600,   1729944216000,    378453675600,    47448601200,    3405402000,   129729600,    2027025;\n  9: 355687428096000, 1322395045171200, 1264886951328000, 557287745414400, 136080545000400, 19880055795600, 1777279303800, 95108013000, 2791213425, 34459425;\n","recurrence_sentence":"The row polynomials satisfy P(n,x) = -(16*n^4-96*n^3+204*n^2-176*n+48+(16*n^3-64*n^2+76*n-24)*x+(4*n^2-8*n+3)*x^2)*P(n-2,x) + (8*n^2-16*n+6+(4*n-2)*x)*P(n-1,x) for n >= 2, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 1 + x.","mathematica":"P[0, x_] := 1;\nP[1, x_] := 1 + x;\nP[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[-(16*n^4 - 96*n^3 + 204*n^2 - 176*n + 48 + (16*n^3 - 64*n^2 + 76*n - 24)*x + (4*n^2 - 8*n + 3)*x^2)*P[n - 2, x] + (8*n^2 - 16*n + 6 + (4*n - 2)*x)*P[n - 1, x]];\nTable[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten","pari":"P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 1 + x; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = -(16*n^4 - 96*n^3 + 204*n^2 - 176*n + 48 + (16*n^3 - 64*n^2 + 76*n - 24)*x + (4*n^2 - 8*n + 3)*x^2)*v[i - 2] + (8*n^2 - 16*n + 6 + (4*n - 2)*x)*v[i - 1]); v};\nrow(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};\nT(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};\nT(9)","reading":{"first_row":0,"offset":0,"reversed":false,"trim_zeros":"none","regular_triangle":false}}],"derivation":{"root":"n-1336d058dca9979e","steps":["D+1"],"edges":["e-78a0ffcfaa54334f"],"text":"A204420 \u2192 D+1"},"headline":"A204420 \u2192 D+1","chain":null}
