{"id":"n-ea17f216ed68e6b8","revision":0,"first_index":0,"fingerprint":"f6-d2d860f7089d1e85","name":"theta_plus_one of basis_map_A013609 of Triangle read by rows: T(n, k) is the number of diagonal dissections of a convex n-gon into k+1 regions.","polytool_family":null,"interpretation":null,"rows_observed":15,"degree_pattern":"affine","degree_slope":1,"degree_intercept":0,"palindromic":0,"gamma_positive":0,"nonnegative":1,"rr_by_factors":false,"rows":[["1"],["3","8"],["11","60","60"],["45","372","756","448"],["197","2184","6720","8064","3360"],["903","12560","51840","94080","79200","25344"],["4279","71604","370980","902880","1148400","741312","192192"],["20793","406700","2536380","7749280","13213200","12876864","6726720","1464320"],["103049","2306832","16824192","61885824","132452320","172972800","136328192","59744256","11202048"],["518859","13081752","109242432","470031744","1211202720","1985098752","2095801344","1384980480","522422784","85995520"],["2646723","74213100","698263020","3440848320","10372252800","20466141696","27112350720","23992750080","13641039360","4514764800","662165504"],["13648869","421298724","4409933220","24490139520","84559305600","195185346048","311268722688","345563074560","263019778560","131159705600","38660278272","5112102912"],["71039373","2393631000","27589921920","170493016320","663508612800","1754349290496","3272753003520","4373348474880","4175162703360","2786552524800","1237128904704","328635187200","39557939200"],["372693519","13611535392","171308846592","1165933426944","5049736211520","15050052306432","32160385281024","50269713162240","57759585421824","48343757496320","28719063859200","11487625543680","2776967331840","306726174720"],["1968801519","77471954532","1057100489172","7857222950304","37485111583920","124341955657920","299511342242112","536259983440896","720687774014208","725890656691200","540696208532480","289338634690560","105293344665600","23349530050560","2382605107200"]],"degrees":[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14],"row_sums":["1","11","131","1621","20525","263927","3431647","44994257","593819513","7878376387","104977436123","1403863334573","18831544249573","253274839291247","3414230910872183"],"nonn":true,"definitions":[{"position":0,"source":"derived:theta_plus_one","source_kind":"derived","equality_edge_id":null,"recurrence":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"]],"recurrence":{"denominator":{"coeffs":[["-2","0","0"],["-1","0","2"],["0","0","3"],["0","0","1"]]},"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-6","-12","0","8"],["-3","-10","6","20"],["0","-2","9","16"],["0","0","3","4"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-1","-3","0","6","4"],["0","0","4","12","8"],["0","0","2","6","4"]]},"deriv_order":1,"offset":1,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"}}],"properties":[{"id":185655,"position":0,"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region_key":"(-inf, 0]","provenance":"edges","claim_data":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"label":"Real-rooted","description":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-0099c851c31d5d2c"]},{"id":185656,"position":1,"claim":"one_signed_coefficients","from_index":0,"region_key":null,"provenance":"derived_from_edges","claim_data":{"alternating":false,"claim":"one_signed_coefficients","from_index":0},"label":"Coefficients of one sign","description":"Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-0099c851c31d5d2c"]},{"id":185657,"position":2,"claim":"hadamard_kernel","from_index":0,"region_key":null,"provenance":"derived_from_edges","claim_data":{"claim":"hadamard_kernel","from_index":0},"label":"Hadamard kernel (Malo)","description":"Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-0099c851c31d5d2c"]},{"id":185658,"position":3,"claim":"interlacing","from_index":1,"region_key":null,"provenance":"edges","claim_data":{"claim":"interlacing","from_index":1,"kind":"weak","orientation":"unordered"},"label":"Interlacing of consecutive rows","description":"Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, unordered) for every m >= 1","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-0099c851c31d5d2c"]}],"region_exact":{},"incoming_edges":[{"id":"e-0099c851c31d5d2c","operation":{"index_shift":0,"operation":"preserver_image","operator":"{\"shape\":\"euler_polynomial\",\"coefficients\":[{\"numerator\":[\"1\"],\"denominator\":[\"1\"]},{\"numerator\":[\"1\"],\"denominator\":[\"1\"]}]}"},"operation_detail":"euler_polynomial, shift 0","conclusion_id":"n-ea17f216ed68e6b8","premise_count":1,"theorem":"Laguerre's theorem on multiplier sequences: if f is a real polynomial whose roots are all real and <= 0, then (f(k))_(k >= 0) is a multiplier sequence, so x^k -> f(k) x^k maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero (Laguerre; see T. Craven and G. Csordas, Multiplier sequences for fields, Illinois J. Math. 21 (1977); Polya--Schur, Theorem 40 of P. Branden, arXiv:1410.6601: sum_k f(k) x^k / k! = f(theta) e^x = C e^x x^m prod (1 + x/a_j), a_j > 0); f(k) has one sign for k >= 0, so coefficients of one sign stay of one sign; applied to f(n, .) for each n","lean_route":null,"lean_declarations":["RealRooted.isMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos","RealRooted.isPFMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos","RealRooted.isMultiplierSequence_iff_preserves"],"certificate_hash":"48054c49dba9cb6d12c0e7785cc933128364c4293ce35132ef2d65ce83da3428","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},{"claim":"interlacing","from_index":1,"kind":"weak","orientation":"unordered"}],"premises":[{"position":0,"node_id":"n-8217f7f3de935aeb","role":"sequence","name":"basis_map_A013609 of Triangle read by rows: T(n, k) is the number of diagonal dissections of a convex n-gon into k+1 regions.","uses":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"uses_text":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]"}]}],"used_by":[],"used_by_total":0,"links":[],"oeis":[],"bfiles":[],"oeis_texts":[{"oeis_id":"","target":"node","first_row":0,"oeis_offset":0,"reversed":false,"trim_zeros":"none","regular_triangle":false,"rows_shown":10,"polytool_commit":"c48629374597092cc41ef4d6273f37991516f984","triangle_example":"Triangle begins:\n  0:      1;\n  1:      3,        8;\n  2:     11,       60,        60;\n  3:     45,      372,       756,       448;\n  4:    197,     2184,      6720,      8064,       3360;\n  5:    903,    12560,     51840,     94080,      79200,      25344;\n  6:   4279,    71604,    370980,    902880,    1148400,     741312,     192192;\n  7:  20793,   406700,   2536380,   7749280,   13213200,   12876864,    6726720,    1464320;\n  8: 103049,  2306832,  16824192,  61885824,  132452320,  172972800,  136328192,   59744256,  11202048;\n  9: 518859, 13081752, 109242432, 470031744, 1211202720, 1985098752, 2095801344, 1384980480, 522422784, 85995520;\n","recurrence_sentence":"The row polynomials satisfy -(n+2-(n^3+3*n^2+2*n)*x^2)*P(n,x) = -(3*n+6+(2*n^2+10*n+12)*x-(3*n^3+9*n^2+6*n)*x^2-(4*n^3+16*n^2+20*n+8)*x^3)*P(n-1,x) - (1+3*x-(2*n^2+4*n)*x^2-(6*n^2+12*n+6)*x^3-(4*n^2+8*n+4)*x^4)*d/dx P(n-1,x) for n >= 1, with P(0,x) = 1.","mathematica":"P[0, x_] := 1;\nP[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[(-(3*n + 6 + (2*n^2 + 10*n + 12)*x - (3*n^3 + 9*n^2 + 6*n)*x^2 - (4*n^3 + 16*n^2 + 20*n + 8)*x^3)*P[n - 1, x] - (1 + 3*x - (2*n^2 + 4*n)*x^2 - (6*n^2 + 12*n + 6)*x^3 - (4*n^2 + 8*n + 4)*x^4)*D[P[n - 1, x], x])/(-n - 2 + (n^3 + 3*n^2 + 2*n)*x^2)]];\nTable[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten","pari":"P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; for(n = 1, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (-(3*n + 6 + (2*n^2 + 10*n + 12)*x - (3*n^3 + 9*n^2 + 6*n)*x^2 - (4*n^3 + 16*n^2 + 20*n + 8)*x^3)*v[i - 1] - (1 + 3*x - (2*n^2 + 4*n)*x^2 - (6*n^2 + 12*n + 6)*x^3 - (4*n^2 + 8*n + 4)*x^4)*deriv(v[i - 1], x))/(-n - 2 + (n^3 + 3*n^2 + 2*n)*x^2)); v};\nrow(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};\nT(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};\nT(9)","reading":{"first_row":0,"offset":0,"reversed":false,"trim_zeros":"none","regular_triangle":false}}],"derivation":{"root":"n-66e2c3448245b0b7","steps":["basis A013609","\u03b8+1"],"edges":["e-4e2df72103232439","e-0099c851c31d5d2c"],"text":"A033282 \u2192 basis A013609 \u2192 \u03b8+1"},"headline":"A033282 \u2192 basis A013609 \u2192 \u03b8+1","chain":null}
