{"id":"n-a80c47bb97a26491","revision":0,"first_index":0,"fingerprint":"f6-e0c442c44ccf7baf","name":"theta_plus_one of basis_map_A007318 of Triangle T(n, k) read by rows: T(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..n} binomial(j, n-k) * |Stirling1(n, n-j)|.","polytool_family":null,"interpretation":null,"rows_observed":15,"degree_pattern":"affine","degree_slope":1,"degree_intercept":0,"palindromic":0,"gamma_positive":0,"nonnegative":1,"rr_by_factors":false,"rows":[["1"],["1","2"],["3","10","6"],["15","68","75","24"],["105","596","933","568","120"],["945","6414","12867","11332","4630","720"],["10395","81894","199263","227588","135920","41256","5040"],["135135","1210152","3450306","4818432","3758355","1678056","402444","40320"],["2027025","20314440","66276414","109079744","104559645","61251048","21698516","4284288","362880"],["34459425","381831930","1400943978","2649672616","3004661085","2170511982","1012010776","296017632","49547376","3628800"],["654729075","7943995170","32345414532","69023032744","90209468315","77295660678","44550844534","17190172448","4271598504","619473600","39916800"],["13749310575","181227938220","810329625477","1923883100760","2843465534845","2813973855996","1927528713915","921061381264","302431952628","65217371760","8333883360","479001600"],["316234143225","4498226032860","21899684273931","57214585325112","94257953812835","105667302389676","83728794403989","47619091274192","19390263557508","5532425585520","1052548624512","120115146240","6227020800"],["7905853580625","120677738545350","635207514489045","1809959160542604","3286185856853945","4112106639222126","3695840613009811","2434447941571208","1181185798822758","418392224357560","105427401485736","17929931876352","1847297162880","87178291200"],["213458046676875","3479662840981950","19684835400656565","60726104271779148","120401303444552085","166234801654143678","166952104991892955","124863544230579592","70234571647960992","29670591372674800","9289780095221296","2094272110625472","321814323522432","30205371087360","1307674368000"]],"degrees":[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14],"row_sums":["1","3","19","182","2322","36908","701356","15493200","389854000","11003285600","344144306400","11811681670400","441303451590400","17827201149811200","774198357476723200"],"nonn":true,"definitions":[{"position":0,"source":"derived:theta_plus_one","source_kind":"derived","equality_edge_id":null,"recurrence":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"],["1","2"]],"recurrence":{"denominator":{"coeffs":[["-1"],["1"]]},"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0"],["-9","-6","-1"],["12","10","2"],["-4","-4","-1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":2,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1","0"],["-6","-2"],["4","2"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"}}],"properties":[{"id":185189,"position":0,"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region_key":"(-inf, 0]","provenance":"edges","claim_data":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"label":"Real-rooted","description":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-065fd5489dc9ea2f"]},{"id":185190,"position":1,"claim":"one_signed_coefficients","from_index":0,"region_key":null,"provenance":"derived_from_edges","claim_data":{"alternating":false,"claim":"one_signed_coefficients","from_index":0},"label":"Coefficients of one sign","description":"Every nonzero row, n >= 0: the coefficients of P_n have one sign","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-065fd5489dc9ea2f"]},{"id":185191,"position":2,"claim":"hadamard_kernel","from_index":0,"region_key":null,"provenance":"derived_from_edges","claim_data":{"claim":"hadamard_kernel","from_index":0},"label":"Hadamard kernel (Malo)","description":"Rows P_n, n >= 0, are Hadamard kernels (preserve real-rootedness)","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-065fd5489dc9ea2f"]},{"id":185192,"position":3,"claim":"interlacing","from_index":1,"region_key":null,"provenance":"edges","claim_data":{"claim":"interlacing","from_index":1,"kind":"weak","orientation":"unordered"},"label":"Interlacing of consecutive rows","description":"Rows P_(m-1), P_m interlace (weak, unordered) for every m >= 1","region_exact":null,"edges":["e-065fd5489dc9ea2f"]}],"region_exact":{},"incoming_edges":[{"id":"e-065fd5489dc9ea2f","operation":{"index_shift":0,"operation":"preserver_image","operator":"{\"shape\":\"euler_polynomial\",\"coefficients\":[{\"numerator\":[\"1\"],\"denominator\":[\"1\"]},{\"numerator\":[\"1\"],\"denominator\":[\"1\"]}]}"},"operation_detail":"euler_polynomial, shift 0","conclusion_id":"n-a80c47bb97a26491","premise_count":1,"theorem":"Laguerre's theorem on multiplier sequences: if f is a real polynomial whose roots are all real and <= 0, then (f(k))_(k >= 0) is a multiplier sequence, so x^k -> f(k) x^k maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero (Laguerre; see T. Craven and G. Csordas, Multiplier sequences for fields, Illinois J. Math. 21 (1977); Polya--Schur, Theorem 40 of P. Branden, arXiv:1410.6601: sum_k f(k) x^k / k! = f(theta) e^x = C e^x x^m prod (1 + x/a_j), a_j > 0); f(k) has one sign for k >= 0, so coefficients of one sign stay of one sign; applied to f(n, .) for each n","lean_route":null,"lean_declarations":["RealRooted.isMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos","RealRooted.isPFMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos","RealRooted.isMultiplierSequence_iff_preserves"],"certificate_hash":"afbcd7069836fc7db763a04288d322796877e60a4c718f98efb04bf75eae99e3","verification_polytool":"replayed","verification_lean":"not_attempted","claims":[{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},{"claim":"interlacing","from_index":1,"kind":"weak","orientation":"unordered"}],"premises":[{"position":0,"node_id":"n-67ad51294793de36","role":"sequence","name":"basis_map_A007318 of Triangle T(n, k) read by rows: T(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..n} binomial(j, n-k) * |Stirling1(n, n-j)|.","uses":{"claim":"real_rooted","from_index":0,"region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}}},"uses_text":"Every row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0]"}]}],"used_by":[],"used_by_total":0,"links":[],"oeis":[],"bfiles":[],"oeis_texts":[{"oeis_id":"","target":"node","first_row":0,"oeis_offset":0,"reversed":false,"trim_zeros":"none","regular_triangle":false,"rows_shown":10,"polytool_commit":"c48629374597092cc41ef4d6273f37991516f984","triangle_example":"Triangle begins:\n  0:        1;\n  1:        1,         2;\n  2:        3,        10,          6;\n  3:       15,        68,         75,         24;\n  4:      105,       596,        933,        568,        120;\n  5:      945,      6414,      12867,      11332,       4630,        720;\n  6:    10395,     81894,     199263,     227588,     135920,      41256,       5040;\n  7:   135135,   1210152,    3450306,    4818432,    3758355,    1678056,     402444,     40320;\n  8:  2027025,  20314440,   66276414,  109079744,  104559645,   61251048,   21698516,   4284288,   362880;\n  9: 34459425, 381831930, 1400943978, 2649672616, 3004661085, 2170511982, 1012010776, 296017632, 49547376, 3628800;\n","recurrence_sentence":"The row polynomials satisfy (n-1)*P(n,x) = -(4*n^3-12*n^2+9*n+(4*n^3-10*n^2+6*n)*x+(n^3-2*n^2+n)*x^2)*P(n-2,x) + (4*n^2-6*n+1+(2*n^2-2*n)*x)*P(n-1,x) for n >= 2, with P(0,x) = 1, P(1,x) = 1 + 2*x.","mathematica":"P[0, x_] := 1;\nP[1, x_] := 1 + 2*x;\nP[n_, x_] := P[n, x] = Expand[Together[(-(4*n^3 - 12*n^2 + 9*n + (4*n^3 - 10*n^2 + 6*n)*x + (n^3 - 2*n^2 + n)*x^2)*P[n - 2, x] + (4*n^2 - 6*n + 1 + (2*n^2 - 2*n)*x)*P[n - 1, x])/(n - 1)]];\nTable[CoefficientList[P[n, x], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten","pari":"P(N) = {my(v = vector(N + 1)); v[1] = 1; v[2] = 1 + 2*x; for(n = 2, N, my(i = n + 1); v[i] = (-(4*n^3 - 12*n^2 + 9*n + (4*n^3 - 10*n^2 + 6*n)*x + (n^3 - 2*n^2 + n)*x^2)*v[i - 2] + (4*n^2 - 6*n + 1 + (2*n^2 - 2*n)*x)*v[i - 1])/(n - 1)); v};\nrow(n, p) = {my(c = Vecrev(p)); c};\nT(N) = {my(v = P(N)); concat(vector(#v, i, row(i - 1, v[i])))};\nT(9)","reading":{"first_row":0,"offset":0,"reversed":false,"trim_zeros":"none","regular_triangle":false}}],"derivation":{"root":"n-849de7332df28657","steps":["basis A007318","\u03b8+1"],"edges":["e-34da37650456524d","e-065fd5489dc9ea2f"],"text":"A088996 \u2192 basis A007318 \u2192 \u03b8+1"},"headline":"A088996 \u2192 basis A007318 \u2192 \u03b8+1","chain":null}
