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sign","status":"proved"},"root_transfer":{"input_conclusion":"every Q_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with roots in (-inf, 0]","input_root_region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}},"parent_hypothesis":"every parent row used is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0] (coefficients of one sign)","parent_root_region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}},"theorem":"Laguerre's theorem on multiplier sequences: if f is a real polynomial whose roots are all real and <= 0, then (f(k))_(k >= 0) is a multiplier sequence, so x^k -> f(k) x^k maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero (Laguerre; see T. Craven and G. Csordas, Multiplier sequences for fields, Illinois J. Math. 21 (1977); Polya--Schur, Theorem 40 of P. Branden, arXiv:1410.6601: sum_k f(k) x^k / k! = f(theta) e^x = C e^x x^m prod (1 + x/a_j), a_j > 0); f(k) has one sign for k >= 0, so coefficients of one sign stay of one sign; applied to f(n, .) for each n"},"verdict":"proved"},"notes":["the division remainder is removed by row annihilators of the shifted parent"],"parent_proof":{"attempts":[{"detail":"the leader is not a nonzero constant","route":"periodic_product","success":false,"variant":"P_(n+k) = c(x) P_n"},{"detail":"not applicable: expected one nonzero lag term","route":"product_recurrence","success":false,"variant":"product_recurrence"},{"detail":"no theorem matched (weighted_renewal_window: LHS must be a nonzero constant; fixed_delay_predecessor_window: LHS must be a nonzero constant)","route":"paper_theorem","success":false,"variant":"match_recurrence_theorems"},{"detail":"HypothesisFailed: P_n = (a_n + b_n (x + 0)) P_(n-1) - c_n (x + 0)^2 P_(n-2) for n >= 2, with a_n = (0)/(n^4 - 2 n^3 + n^2), b_n = (2 n^4 - 4 n^2 + 2)/(n^4 - 2 n^3 + n^2), c_n = (n^4 + 2 n^3 + n^2)/(n^4 - 2 n^3 + n^2); Q_n(y) = y^(d_n) P_n(1/y + 0), d_n = deg P_0 + n - 0, satisfies Q_n = (a_n y + b_n) Q_(n-1) - c_n Q_(n-2); open hypotheses: leading_coefficient_nonzero: fails at n = 2: f(n) a_n = 0 = 0 there (exact); first_coefficient_positive: a_2 or c_2 is undefined or a_2 = 0; recurrence_coefficient_positive: fails at n = 3: the denominator of beta_n = n^8 - 4 n^7 + 2 n^6 + 8 n^5 - 7 n^4 - 4 n^3 + 4 n^2 vanishes there; root_upper_bound: not attempted: the real-rootedness hypotheses do not all hold","route":"three_term_recurrence","success":false,"variant":"three_term_recurrence"},{"detail":"not applicable: the rule is not f(n) P_n = c_0(n, x) P_(n-1) + c_1(n, x) P'_(n-1)","route":"liu_wang","success":false,"variant":"liu_wang"},{"detail":"HypothesisFailed: P_n = A_n(x) P_(n-1) + V_n(x) P'_(n-1) + W_n(x) P_(n-2) for n >= 2, with A_n(x) = ((2 n^4 - 4 n^2 + 2)/(n^4 - 2 n^3 + n^2)) x, V_n(x) = 0, W_n(x) = ((-n^4 - 2 n^3 - n^2)/(n^4 - 2 n^3 + n^2)) x^2; open hypotheses: lag_degree_step_nonnegative: fails at n = 2: mu_n = (-n^4 - 2 n^3 - n^2)/(n^4 - 2 n^3 + n^2) = -9 there (exact); degree_step_positive: fails at n = 2: lambda_n + mu_n = (n^4 - 2 n^3 - 5 n^2 + 2)/(n^4 - 2 n^3 + n^2) = -9/2 there (exact); constant_term_positive: fails at n = 2: A_n(0) = (0)/(n^4 - 2 n^3 + n^2) = 0 there (exact)","route":"liu_wang_derivative_lag","success":false,"variant":"liu_wang_derivative_lag"},{"detail":"not applicable: the rule is not f(n) P_n = c_0(n, x) P_(n-1) + gamma(n) (x - L)(x - U) P'_(n-1)","route":"ma_wang_interval","success":false,"variant":"ma_wang_interval"},{"detail":"induction start moved 1 row(s) past the seeds: Q_n = A_n(x) Q_(n-1) + B_n(x) Q_(n-2) for n >= 3, with A_n(x) = ((2 n^4 - 4 n^2 + 2)/(n^4 - 2 n^3 + n^2)), B_n(x) = ((-n^4 - 2 n^3 - n^2)/(n^4 - 2 n^3 + n^2)); Q_n = x^(n - 0) P_n(1/x) for n >= 1 (the reversal at the nominal degree deg P_1 + n - 1, an upper bound for deg P_n), which satisfies the rule below: every P_n, n >= 0, is nonzero and real-rooted with every root in (-inf, 0] (so its coefficients have one sign); for n >= 2, Q_(n-1) interlaces Q_n (weakly, in the sense of Liu and Wang; no interlacing of the P_n is claimed); the rule is applied from n = 3 on in the induction (start moved 1 row(s) past the supplied seeds; P_0, ..., P_2 enter as seed rows, checked exactly)","route":"liu_wang_three_term","success":true,"variant":"liu_wang_three_term"}],"conditional_on":[],"route":"liu_wang_three_term","rows_checked":10,"statement":"every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","status":"proved"},"rows_compared":16,"schema":"polytool.recurrence-preserver-image.v1","statement":"proved: Q_n = lambda(n) T_n(P_(n+0)) with T = f(n, theta) = 1 + (2) theta + (1) theta^2 for every n >= 0, the side conditions hold for every n, and every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign; so every Q_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with roots in (-inf, 0]"},"kind":"preserver_image"}