{"certification":{"candidate":{"gauge":{"kind":"none"},"index_shift":0,"operator":{"coefficients":[{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["1"]},{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["2"]},{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["1"]}],"shape":"euler_polynomial"},"parent":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"],["1"]],"recurrence":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","-1"],["0","1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":2,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"},"parent_name":"Triangle of Bessel numbers read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of k-matchings of the complete graph K(n)."},"identifying_rows":1,"identity":{"certificate":{"certificate":{"dividend_relation":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-4","0","-4","0"],["0","-26","-32","-36"],["0","-6","-47","-60"],["0","0","-16","-37"],["0","0","-1","-10"],["0","0","0","-1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","-12","32","116","288"],["0","0","-78","80","372"],["0","0","-18","-93","116"],["0","0","0","-48","-31"],["0","0","0","-3","-22"],["0","0","0","0","-3"]]},"deriv_order":1,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","-4","40","156","360"],["0","0","0","-26","188","564"],["0","0","0","-6","13","310"],["0","0","0","0","-16","63"],["0","0","0","0","-1","0"],["0","0","0","0","0","-1"]]},"deriv_order":2,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","8","32","72"],["0","0","0","0","0","44","120"],["0","0","0","0","0","12","74"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","20"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","2"]]},"deriv_order":3,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["4","0","4"],["0","10","12"],["0","6","13"],["0","0","6"],["0","0","1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":1},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","12","0","12"],["0","0","30","36"],["0","0","18","39"],["0","0","0","18"],["0","0","0","3"]]},"deriv_order":1,"shift":1},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","4","0","4"],["0","0","0","10","12"],["0","0","0","6","13"],["0","0","0","0","6"],["0","0","0","0","1"]]},"deriv_order":2,"shift":1}]},"exceptional_bases":[],"gauge":{"kind":"none"},"identifying_indices":[0],"index_shift":0,"input":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"]],"recurrence":{"denominator":{"coeffs":[["4","-4","0"],["0","-2","0"],["0","6","1"],["0","0","2"],["0","0","1"]]},"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["4","-20","4","-4"],["0","14","-18","-8"],["0","6","5","-1"],["0","0","12","7"],["0","0","1","5"],["0","0","0","1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","-8","0","-8"],["0","0","0","-20","-24"],["0","0","0","-12","-26"],["0","0","0","0","-12"],["0","0","0","0","-2"]]},"deriv_order":1,"offset":1,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"},"input_valid_from_base":0,"multiplier":["1"],"operator":{"coefficients":[{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["1"]},{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["2"]},{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["1"]}],"shape":"euler_polynomial"},"parent":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"],["1"]],"recurrence":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","-1"],["0","1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":2,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"},"parent_leader_shift":2,"parent_valid_from_base":0,"quotients":[],"row_annihilation":{"kind":"system","system":{"generators":[{"annihilator":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-1","0"],["0","-1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","2"]]},"deriv_order":1,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":1}]},"quotient":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","64","0","64"],["0","0","0","0","0","160","192"],["0","0","0","0","0","96","208"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","96"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","16"]]},"deriv_order":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","0","192","0","192"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","480","576"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","288","624"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","288"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","48"]]},"deriv_order":1},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","0","0","64","0","64"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","160","192"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","96","208"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","0","96"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","0","16"]]},"deriv_order":2}],"step_multiplier":{"coeffs":[["0","0","4"]]},"step_quotients":[[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","-4"],["0","0","0","-4"]]},"deriv_order":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","8"]]},"deriv_order":1}],[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","-4"]]},"deriv_order":0}]]},{"annihilator":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0"],["-1"],["1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-2","6"],["0","-4"]]},"deriv_order":1,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","4"]]},"deriv_order":2,"shift":0}]},"quotient":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","0","0","320","320"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","224","512"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","272"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","48"]]},"deriv_order":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","128","256"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","96","384"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","0","192"],["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","0","32"]]},"deriv_order":1}],"step_multiplier":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","16"]]},"step_quotients":[[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","0"],["0","0","0","0","16"],["0","0","0","0","16"]]},"deriv_order":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","-32","32"],["0","0","0","0","0","-64"]]},"deriv_order":1},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","0","0","64"]]},"deriv_order":2}],[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","16","-32"],["0","0","0","0","0","16"]]},"deriv_order":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","0","0","-32"]]},"deriv_order":1}]]}],"restart_bases":[],"row_multiplier":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","0","16"]]},"start_base":0}},"shifted_parent_relation":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","-1"],["0","-1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":1},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":2}]},"statement":"w(n) E = sum_nu H_nu S^nu L' (with any remainder removed by row annihilators of the parent), where L' is the parent rule at P'_n = P_(n+0) (valid from base 0) and E the input rule gauged by lambda(n)/delta(n) and composed with (or conjugated through) T = f(n, theta) = 1 + (2) theta + (1) theta^2; so the candidate rows satisfy the input rule at every base n >= 0 (the exceptional bases checked exactly), and agreement on the 1 identifying rows gives Q_n = lambda(n) T_n(P_(n+0)) for every n >= 0"},"method":"operator_division"},"status":"certified"},"input_first_index":0,"interlacing":{"reason":"no parent theorem report with an interlacing conclusion","status":"none"},"lean_declarations":["RealRooted.isMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos","RealRooted.isPFMultiplierSequence_eval_of_roots_nonpos","RealRooted.isMultiplierSequence_iff_preserves"],"lift_summary":{"hypotheses":[{"evidence":"the polynomial with ascending coefficients [1, 2, 1] is fixed; exact check: real-rooted = true, coefficients of one sign = true","name":"euler_polynomial_roots_nonpositive","statement":"the polynomial in theta is real-rooted with every root <= 0 for every n >= n0","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"lambda(n) = 1","name":"gauge_finite_nonzero","statement":"lambda(n) is finite and nonzero for every n >= n0","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"delta(n) != 0 for every integer n in [0, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of delta(n) at n = 0 + u have one sign)","name":"operator_coefficients_defined","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"nonzero","denominator":["1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["1"],"shifted_numerator":["1"]},"numerator":["1"],"range":{"first":"0","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"the operator coefficients are finite at every n >= n0 (their denominators do not vanish)","status":{"kind":"verified"}}],"identity":{"method":"forward_division","status":"certified"},"input_first_index":0,"input_interlacing":{"reason":"no parent theorem report with an interlacing conclusion","status":"not_proved"},"lean_replay":"not_attempted","operation":{"description":"f(n, theta) = 1 + (2) theta + (1) theta^2","kind":"preserver_image","operator":{"coefficients":[{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["1"]},{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["2"]},{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["1"]}],"shape":"euler_polynomial"}},"parent":{"gauge":{"kind":"none"},"index_shift":0,"recurrence":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"],["1"]],"recurrence":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","-1"],["0","1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":2,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"},"relation":"Q_n = lambda(n) T_n(P_(n+0)) with T = f(n, theta) = 1 + (2) theta + (1) theta^2, for every n >= 0"},"parent_proof":{"route":"paper_theorem","statement":"every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","status":"proved"},"root_transfer":{"input_conclusion":"every Q_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with roots in (-inf, 0]","input_root_region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}},"parent_hypothesis":"every parent row used is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0] (coefficients of one sign)","parent_root_region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}},"theorem":"Laguerre's theorem on multiplier sequences: if f is a real polynomial whose roots are all real and <= 0, then (f(k))_(k >= 0) is a multiplier sequence, so x^k -> f(k) x^k maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero (Laguerre; see T. Craven and G. Csordas, Multiplier sequences for fields, Illinois J. Math. 21 (1977); Polya--Schur, Theorem 40 of P. Branden, arXiv:1410.6601: sum_k f(k) x^k / k! = f(theta) e^x = C e^x x^m prod (1 + x/a_j), a_j > 0); f(k) has one sign for k >= 0, so coefficients of one sign stay of one sign; applied to f(n, .) for each n"},"verdict":"proved"},"notes":["the division remainder is removed by row annihilators of the shifted parent"],"parent_proof":{"attempts":[{"detail":"the rule is not P_(n+k) = c(x) P_n with c free of n","route":"periodic_product","success":false,"variant":"P_(n+k) = c(x) P_n"},{"detail":"Q_0 = 1, Q_n = Q_(n-1) + w(n) t Q_(max(0, n-2)), w(n) = -1 + n (paper_proof_not_lean_checked): For every n >= 1: Q_n has nonnegative coefficients and constant term 1, is real-rooted, and Q_i << Q_n (oriented weak interlacing) for p(n) <= i <= n. Hence Q_A << Q_B whenever 0 <= A <= B and B - A <= 2.; the identifying seeds equal the canonical rows (Canonical), so every parent row is a canonical row","route":"paper_theorem","success":true,"variant":"fixed_delay_predecessor_window"}],"conditional_on":[],"interlacing":{"from_index":1,"justification":{"premises":["p(n) = max(0, n-2) with 2 >= 1 is nondecreasing and 0 <= p(n) < n for n >= 1 (exact_structural)","w(n) >= 0 for every integer n >= 1: w(1+m) has nonnegative coefficients [0, 1] in m (exact_symbolic_certificate)","window: Q_A << Q_B for 0 <= A <= B with B - A <= 2 (B - A <= 2)","the identifying parent seeds equal the canonical rows (Canonical), so every parent row is a canonical row and consecutive parent rows are consecutive canonical rows"],"theorem":"fixed_delay_predecessor_window (paper_proof_not_lean_checked; https://github.com/PerAlexandersson/RealRooted/issues/2037): For every n >= 1: Q_n has nonnegative coefficients and constant term 1, is real-rooted, and Q_i << Q_n (oriented weak interlacing) for p(n) <= i <= n. Hence Q_A << Q_B whenever 0 <= A <= B and B - A <= 2."},"kind":"weak","orientation":"previous_interlaces_next"},"route":"paper_theorem","rows_checked":10,"statement":"every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","status":"proved"},"rows_compared":16,"schema":"polytool.recurrence-preserver-image.v1","statement":"proved: Q_n = lambda(n) T_n(P_(n+0)) with T = f(n, theta) = 1 + (2) theta + (1) theta^2 for every n >= 0, the side conditions hold for every n, and every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign; so every Q_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with roots in (-inf, 0]"},"kind":"preserver_image"}
