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n-1)."},"identifying_rows":2,"identity":{"certificate":{"certificate":{"dividend_relation":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-6","0"],["-5","-10"],["-1","-6"]]},"deriv_order":1,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","-3","6"],["0","-2","4"]]},"deriv_order":2,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0"],["3"],["1"]]},"deriv_order":1,"shift":1}]},"exceptional_bases":[],"gauge":{"kind":"none"},"identifying_indices":[0,1],"index_shift":0,"input":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["0"],["2"]],"recurrence":{"denominator":{"coeffs":[["-2"],["1"],["1"]]},"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["2","-4"],["3","-2"],["1","6"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","1","-2"],["0","2","-4"]]},"deriv_order":1,"offset":1,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"},"input_valid_from_base":1,"multiplier":["3","1"],"operator":{"coefficients":[{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["0"]},{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["1"]}],"shape":"derivative_polynomial"},"parent":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"],["1","2"]],"recurrence":{"denominator":{"coeffs":[["2"],["1"]]},"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1","2"],["2","4"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1","-4","4"],["-1","4","-4"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":2,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"},"parent_leader_shift":2,"parent_valid_from_base":0,"quotients":[],"row_annihilation":{"kind":"system","system":{"generators":[{"annihilator":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-3","-6"],["-1","-6"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","-2","4"]]},"deriv_order":1,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["3"],["1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":1}]},"quotient":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0"],["0","-3","6"],["0","-1","2"]]},"deriv_order":1}],"step_multiplier":{"coeffs":[["0","-9","18"],["0","-6","12"],["0","-1","2"]]},"step_quotients":[[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","-12","48","-48"],["0","-19","76","-76"],["0","-8","32","-32"],["0","-1","4","-4"]]},"deriv_order":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","24","-96","96"],["0","0","14","-56","56"],["0","0","2","-8","8"]]},"deriv_order":1}],[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","-48","192","-192"],["0","0","-28","112","-112"],["0","0","-4","16","-16"]]},"deriv_order":0}]]},{"annihilator":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0"],["2"],["2"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-2","0"],["0","-4"]]},"deriv_order":1,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","-1","2"]]},"deriv_order":2,"shift":0}]},"quotient":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","-9","18"],["0","-3","6"]]},"deriv_order":0}],"step_multiplier":{"coeffs":[["0","0","27","-108","108"],["0","0","27","-108","108"],["0","0","9","-36","36"],["0","0","1","-4","4"]]},"step_quotients":[[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","144","-576","576"],["0","0","348","-1392","1392"],["0","0","310","-1240","1240"],["0","0","130","-520","520"],["0","0","26","-104","104"],["0","0","2","-8","8"]]},"deriv_order":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","-72","144","288","-576"],["0","0","-66","-12","840","-1104"],["0","0","-20","-92","608","-688"],["0","0","-2","-36","168","-176"],["0","0","0","-4","16","-16"]]},"deriv_order":1},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","-36","216","-432","288"],["0","0","0","-33","198","-396","264"],["0","0","0","-10","60","-120","80"],["0","0","0","-1","6","-12","8"]]},"deriv_order":2}],[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","180","-504","-144","864"],["0","0","201","-390","-852","1656"],["0","0","83","-74","-700","1032"],["0","0","15","6","-204","264"],["0","0","1","2","-20","24"]]},"deriv_order":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","0","0","72","-432","864","-576"],["0","0","0","66","-396","792","-528"],["0","0","0","20","-120","240","-160"],["0","0","0","2","-12","24","-16"]]},"deriv_order":1}]]}],"restart_bases":[],"row_multiplier":{"coeffs":[["0","-1","2"]]},"start_base":1}},"shifted_parent_relation":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1","-4","4"],["1","-4","4"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":0},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["-5","-10"],["-2","-4"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":1},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["4"],["1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"shift":2}]},"statement":"w(n) E = sum_nu H_nu S^nu L' (with any remainder removed by row annihilators of the parent), where L' is the parent rule at P'_n = P_(n+0) (valid from base 0) and E the input rule gauged by lambda(n)/delta(n) and composed with (or conjugated through) T = phi(n, D) = (1) D; so the candidate rows satisfy the input rule at every base n >= 1 (the exceptional bases checked exactly), and agreement on the 2 identifying rows gives Q_n = lambda(n) T_n(P_(n+0)) for every n >= 0"},"method":"operator_division"},"status":"certified"},"input_first_index":0,"interlacing":{"from_index":1,"justification":"the parent theorem (ThreeTermRecurrence) proves P_(m-1) strictly interlacing P_m for every m >= 1; T = phi(n, D) = (1) D is independent of n and maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero, so by the Hermite--Kakeya--Obreschkoff theorem (both directions) T(P_(m-1)) and T(P_m) have weakly interlacing zeros; the nonzero gauge does not move zeros, so Q_(n-1) and Q_n interlace weakly (orientation not determined) for every n >= 1","kind":"weak","orientation":"unordered","status":"claimed"},"lean_declarations":["RealRooted.splits_add_C_mul_derivative_all","RealRooted.splits_C_mul_add_derivative","Polynomial.Splits.derivative"],"lift_summary":{"hypotheses":[{"evidence":"the polynomial with ascending coefficients [0, 1] is fixed; exact check: real-rooted = true, coefficients of one sign = true","name":"derivative_polynomial_real_rooted","statement":"the polynomial in D is real-rooted for every n >= n0","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"lambda(n) = 1","name":"gauge_finite_nonzero","statement":"lambda(n) is finite and nonzero for every n >= n0","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"delta(n) != 0 for every integer n in [0, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of delta(n) at n = 0 + u have one sign)","name":"operator_coefficients_defined","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"nonzero","denominator":["1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["1"],"shifted_numerator":["1"]},"numerator":["1"],"range":{"first":"0","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"the operator coefficients are finite at every n >= n0 (their denominators do not vanish)","status":{"kind":"verified"}}],"identity":{"method":"forward_division","status":"certified"},"input_first_index":0,"input_interlacing":{"interlacing":{"from_index":1,"justification":{"premises":["the parent theorem (ThreeTermRecurrence) proves P_(m-1) strictly interlacing P_m for every m >= 1; T = phi(n, D) = (1) D is independent of n and maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero, so by the Hermite--Kakeya--Obreschkoff theorem (both directions) T(P_(m-1)) and T(P_m) have weakly interlacing zeros; the nonzero gauge does not move zeros, so Q_(n-1) and Q_n interlace weakly (orientation not determined) for every n >= 1"],"theorem":"Hermite--Kakeya--Obreschkoff theorem (N. Obreschkoff, Verteilung und Berechnung der Nullstellen reeller Polynome, 1963; see S. Fisk, Polynomials, Roots, and Interlacing, arXiv:math/0612833): real polynomials f, g have weakly interlacing zeros iff alpha f + beta g is real-rooted or zero for all real alpha, beta; a linear T independent of n that maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero therefore maps interlacing pairs to pairs with weakly interlacing zeros (orientation not determined)"},"kind":"weak","orientation":"unordered"},"status":"proved"},"lean_replay":"not_attempted","operation":{"description":"phi(n, D) = (1) D","kind":"preserver_image","operator":{"coefficients":[{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["0"]},{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["1"]}],"shape":"derivative_polynomial"}},"parent":{"gauge":{"kind":"none"},"index_shift":0,"recurrence":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"],["1","2"]],"recurrence":{"denominator":{"coeffs":[["2"],["1"]]},"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1","2"],["2","4"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1","-4","4"],["-1","4","-4"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":2,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"},"relation":"Q_n = lambda(n) T_n(P_(n+0)) with T = phi(n, D) = (1) D, for every n >= 0"},"parent_proof":{"route":"three_term_recurrence","statement":"every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","status":"proved"},"root_transfer":{"input_conclusion":"every Q_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with roots in (-inf, 0]","input_root_region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}},"parent_hypothesis":"every parent row used is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0] (coefficients of one sign)","parent_root_region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}},"theorem":"Laguerre's theorem on differential operators: if phi is a real polynomial with only real roots, then phi(D) maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero (write phi(D) = C D^j prod (1 + c_i D); D preserves real-rootedness by Rolle's theorem and p + c p' is real-rooted for every real c by Rolle's theorem applied to e^(x/c) p; Polya--Schur 1914); when the coefficients of phi have one sign, coefficients of one sign stay of one sign; applied to phi(n, .) for each n"},"verdict":"proved"},"notes":["the division remainder is removed by row annihilators of the shifted parent"],"parent_interlacing_report":{"conclusion":{"first_index":0,"interlacing":"strict","interlacing_from":1,"root_region":{"upper":{"closed":false,"value":"0"}},"simple_roots":true,"statement":"every P_n, n >= 0, is nonzero and real-rooted, with simple roots from n = 0 on; P_(n-1) strictly interlaces P_n for n >= 1; every root lies in (-inf, 0)"},"hypotheses":[{"evidence":"f(n) = n + 2 != 0 for every integer n in [2, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of f(n) = n + 2 at n = 2 + u have one sign)","name":"left_factor_nonzero","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"nonzero","denominator":["1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["1"],"shifted_numerator":["4","1"]},"numerator":["2","1"],"range":{"first":"2","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"the left-hand factor f(n) is nonzero for every n >= 2","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"f(n) a_n = 4 n + 2 != 0 for every integer n in [2, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of f(n) a_n = 4 n + 2 at n = 2 + u have one sign)","name":"leading_coefficient_nonzero","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"nonzero","denominator":["1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["1"],"shifted_numerator":["10","4"]},"numerator":["2","4"],"range":{"first":"2","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"a_n != 0 for every n >= 2","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"Q_0 has degree 0, Q_1 degree 1; simple real roots and strict interlacing checked exactly","name":"seeds_interlace","statement":"Q_0 and Q_1 have simple real roots, degrees e and e + 1, and Q_0 strictly interlaces Q_1","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"beta_2 = 1/5 (exact)","name":"first_coefficient_positive","statement":"beta_2 = c_2 L_0 / (a_2 L_1) > 0","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"beta_n = (1/4 n^2 - 1/4)/(n^2 - 1/4) > 0 for every integer n in [3, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of beta_n = (1/4 n^2 - 1/4)/(n^2 - 1/4) at n = 3 + u have one sign)","name":"recurrence_coefficient_positive","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"positive","denominator":["-1/4","0","1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["35/4","6","1"],"shifted_numerator":["2","3/2","1/4"]},"numerator":["-1/4","0","1/4"],"range":{"first":"3","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"beta_n = c_n / (a_n a_(n-1)) > 0 for every n >= 3","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"seeds checked exactly; positive-ratio induction at t = 0 with g(n) = (1/2 n + 1)/(n + 1/2) (the exact ratio r_n): g(n) > 0 for n >= 2, r_2 >= g(2) exactly, and (t - alpha_n) - beta_n/g(n-1) - g(n) >= 0 for every integer n in [3, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of (t - alpha_n) - beta_n/g(n-1) - g(n) at n = 3 + u have one sign)","name":"root_upper_bound","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"nonnegative","denominator":["-1/16","-5/16","-1/4","1","2","1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["1715/4","10339/16","1547/4","115","17","1"],"shifted_numerator":[]},"numerator":[],"range":{"first":"3","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"every root of Q_n is < 0 for every n >= 0 (region (-inf, 0) for P)","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"on the reflected rows (-1)^(deg) p_n(-y): seeds checked exactly; positive-ratio induction at t = 2 with g(n) = (1/2 n + 1)/(n + 1/2) (the exact ratio r_n): g(n) > 0 for n >= 2, r_2 >= g(2) exactly, and (t - alpha_n) - beta_n/g(n-1) - g(n) >= 0 for every integer n in [3, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of (t - alpha_n) - beta_n/g(n-1) - g(n) at n = 3 + u have one sign)","name":"root_lower_bound","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"nonnegative","denominator":["-1/16","-5/16","-1/4","1","2","1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["1715/4","10339/16","1547/4","115","17","1"],"shifted_numerator":[]},"numerator":[],"range":{"first":"3","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"every root of Q_n is > -2 for every n >= 0 (region (-inf, 0) for P)","status":{"kind":"verified"}}],"lean_replay":"not_attempted","normal_form":"P_n = (a_n + b_n (x - 1/2)) P_(n-1) - c_n (x - 1/2)^2 P_(n-2) for n >= 2, with a_n = (4 n + 2)/(n + 2), b_n = (4 n + 2)/(n + 2), c_n = (4 n - 4)/(n + 2); Q_n(y) = y^(d_n) P_n(1/y + 1/2), d_n = deg P_0 + n - 0, satisfies Q_n = (a_n y + b_n) Q_(n-1) - c_n Q_(n-2)","recurrence":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"],["1","2"]],"recurrence":{"denominator":{"coeffs":[["2"],["1"]]},"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1","2"],["2","4"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1","-4","4"],["-1","4","-4"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":2,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"},"reference":"three-term recurrence Q_n = (a_n y + b_n) Q_(n-1) - c_n Q_(n-2) with a_n != 0 and beta_n = c_n / (a_n a_(n-1)) > 0: simple real roots and strict interlacing of consecutive rows (zero separation for orthogonal polynomials: G. Szeg\u0151, Orthogonal Polynomials, \u00a73.3; Favard, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 200 (1935)); root regions by a positive-ratio (chain-sequence) induction","requested_root_region":{"upper":{"closed":false,"value":"0"}},"schema":"polytool.recurrence-real-rootedness-theorem.v1","status":"proved","theorem":"three_term_recurrence"},"parent_proof":{"attempts":[{"detail":"the leader is not a nonzero constant","route":"periodic_product","success":false,"variant":"P_(n+k) = c(x) P_n"},{"detail":"no theorem matched (weighted_renewal_window: LHS must be a nonzero constant; fixed_delay_predecessor_window: LHS must be a nonzero constant)","route":"paper_theorem","success":false,"variant":"match_recurrence_theorems"},{"detail":"P_n = (a_n + b_n (x - 1/2)) P_(n-1) - c_n (x - 1/2)^2 P_(n-2) for n >= 2, with a_n = (4 n + 2)/(n + 2), b_n = (4 n + 2)/(n + 2), c_n = (4 n - 4)/(n + 2); Q_n(y) = y^(d_n) P_n(1/y + 1/2), d_n = deg P_0 + n - 0, satisfies Q_n = (a_n y + b_n) Q_(n-1) - c_n Q_(n-2): every P_n, n >= 0, is nonzero and real-rooted, with simple roots from n = 0 on; P_(n-1) strictly interlaces P_n for n >= 1; every root lies in (-inf, 0)","route":"three_term_recurrence","success":true,"variant":"three_term_recurrence"}],"conditional_on":[],"interlacing":{"from_index":1,"justification":{"premises":["every hypothesis of the theorem is verified exactly for every index: P_n = (a_n + b_n (x - 1/2)) P_(n-1) - c_n (x - 1/2)^2 P_(n-2) for n >= 2, with a_n = (4 n + 2)/(n + 2), b_n = (4 n + 2)/(n + 2), c_n = (4 n - 4)/(n + 2); Q_n(y) = y^(d_n) P_n(1/y + 1/2), d_n = deg P_0 + n - 0, satisfies Q_n = (a_n y + b_n) Q_(n-1) - c_n Q_(n-2)","every P_n, n >= 0, is nonzero and real-rooted, with simple roots from n = 0 on; P_(n-1) strictly interlaces P_n for n >= 1; every root lies in (-inf, 0)"],"theorem":"three_term_recurrence: three-term recurrence Q_n = (a_n y + b_n) Q_(n-1) - c_n Q_(n-2) with a_n != 0 and beta_n = c_n / (a_n a_(n-1)) > 0: simple real roots and strict interlacing of consecutive rows (zero separation for orthogonal polynomials: G. Szeg\u0151, Orthogonal Polynomials, \u00a73.3; Favard, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 200 (1935)); root regions by a positive-ratio (chain-sequence) induction"},"kind":"strict","orientation":"previous_interlaces_next"},"route":"three_term_recurrence","rows_checked":10,"statement":"every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","status":"proved"},"rows_compared":16,"schema":"polytool.recurrence-preserver-image.v1","statement":"proved: Q_n = lambda(n) T_n(P_(n+0)) with T = phi(n, D) = (1) D for every n >= 0, the side conditions hold for every n, and every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign; so every Q_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with roots in (-inf, 0]"},"kind":"preserver_image"}