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Fisk, Polynomials, Roots, and Interlacing, arXiv:math/0612833): real polynomials f, g have weakly interlacing zeros iff alpha f + beta g is real-rooted or zero for all real alpha, beta; a linear T independent of n that maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero therefore maps interlacing pairs to pairs with weakly interlacing zeros (orientation not determined)"},"kind":"weak","orientation":"unordered"},"status":"proved"},"lean_replay":"not_attempted","operation":{"description":"f(n, theta) = 1 + (1) theta","kind":"preserver_image","operator":{"coefficients":[{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["1"]},{"denominator":["1"],"numerator":["1"]}],"shape":"euler_polynomial"}},"parent":{"gauge":{"kind":"none"},"index_shift":0,"recurrence":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"],["1"]],"recurrence":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1","1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":2,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"},"relation":"Q_n = lambda(n) T_n(P_(n+0)) with T = f(n, theta) = 1 + (1) theta, for every n >= 0"},"parent_proof":{"route":"liu_wang_derivative_lag","statement":"every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","status":"proved"},"root_transfer":{"input_conclusion":"every Q_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with roots in (-inf, 0]","input_root_region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}},"parent_hypothesis":"every parent row used is zero or real-rooted with all roots in (-inf, 0] (coefficients of one sign)","parent_root_region":{"upper":{"closed":true,"value":"0"}},"theorem":"Laguerre's theorem on multiplier sequences: if f is a real polynomial whose roots are all real and <= 0, then (f(k))_(k >= 0) is a multiplier sequence, so x^k -> f(k) x^k maps every real-rooted polynomial to a real-rooted polynomial or zero (Laguerre; see T. Craven and G. Csordas, Multiplier sequences for fields, Illinois J. Math. 21 (1977); Polya--Schur, Theorem 40 of P. Branden, arXiv:1410.6601: sum_k f(k) x^k / k! = f(theta) e^x = C e^x x^m prod (1 + x/a_j), a_j > 0); f(k) has one sign for k >= 0, so coefficients of one sign stay of one sign; applied to f(n, .) for each n"},"verdict":"proved"},"notes":["the division remainder is removed by row annihilators of the shifted parent"],"parent_interlacing_report":{"conclusion":{"first_index":0,"interlacing":"strict","interlacing_from":2,"root_region":{"upper":{"closed":false,"value":"0"}},"simple_roots":true,"statement":"every P_n, n >= 0, is nonzero and real-rooted with every root in (-inf, 0) (so its coefficients have one sign); for n >= 2, P_n has simple roots and P_(n-1) strictly interlaces P_n (no common root), and deg P_n = deg P_(n-1) + 1 for n >= 3; the rule is applied from n = 3 on in the induction (start moved 1 row(s) past the supplied seeds; P_0, ..., P_2 enter as seed rows, checked exactly)"},"hypotheses":[{"evidence":"checked exactly","name":"seed_roots_negative","statement":"P_1 and P_2 are nonzero and real-rooted with every root < 0","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"degrees 0 and 1, leading coefficients of one sign","name":"seed_degree_step","statement":"deg P_2 = deg P_1 + 1, with leading coefficients of one sign","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"Bezout test, exact","name":"seed_strict_interlacing","statement":"P_1 strictly interlaces P_2 (simple real roots, no common root)","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"checked exactly for P_0, ..., P_0","name":"earlier_seeds","statement":"the seed rows P_0, ..., P_0 are each zero or real-rooted with every root in (-inf, 0)","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"lambda_n = 1 > 0 for every integer n in [3, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of lambda_n = 1 at n = 3 + u have one sign)","name":"degree_step_positive","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"positive","denominator":["1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["1"],"shifted_numerator":["1"]},"numerator":["1"],"range":{"first":"3","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"lambda_n = [x^1] A_n + (deg P_(n-1)) [x^2] V_n > 0 for every n >= 3 (deg P_n = deg P_(n-1) + 1 with leading coefficients of one sign)","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"[x^0] c_1 and [x^0] c_2 are zero polynomials","name":"multipliers_vanish_at_zero","statement":"V_n(0) = 0 and W_n(0) = 0 for every n >= 3","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"A_n(0) = 1 > 0 for every integer n in [3, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of A_n(0) = 1 at n = 3 + u have one sign)","name":"constant_term_positive","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"positive","denominator":["1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["1"],"shifted_numerator":["1"]},"numerator":["1"],"range":{"first":"3","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"A_n(0) > 0 for every n >= 3","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"V_n = 0","name":"derivative_coefficient_nonpositive","statement":"V_n(x) <= 0 for every x < 0 and every n >= 3","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"W_n(x) = gamma(n) w(x) / f(n) with w(x) = x, which is negative on (-inf, 0) (no root there, exact): gamma(n)/f(n) = 1 >= 0 for every integer n in [3, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of gamma(n)/f(n) = 1 at n = 3 + u have one sign)","name":"lag_coefficient_nonpositive","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"nonnegative","denominator":["1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["1"],"shifted_numerator":["1"]},"numerator":["1"],"range":{"first":"3","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"W_n(x) <= 0 for every x < 0 and every n >= 3","status":{"kind":"verified"}},{"evidence":"W_n(x) = gamma(n) w(x) / f(n) with w(x) = x, which is negative on (-inf, 0) (no root there, exact): gamma(n)/f(n) = 1 > 0 for every integer n in [3, +inf) (exact; Taylor shift: the coefficients of gamma(n)/f(n) = 1 at n = 3 + u have one sign)","name":"derivative_or_lag_coefficient_negative","sign_decision":{"certificate":{"condition":"positive","denominator":["1"],"method":{"kind":"taylor_shift","shifted_denominator":["1"],"shifted_numerator":["1"]},"numerator":["1"],"range":{"first":"3","last":null}},"decision":"holds"},"statement":"for every n >= 3 and x < 0, V_n(x) < 0 or W_n(x) < 0 (V_n < 0 on (-inf, 0) for every n, or W_n < 0 there for every n)","status":{"kind":"verified"}}],"lean_declarations":["RealRooted.threeTerm_interlaces_of_nonnegCoeffs","RealRooted.LiuWang.strictInterl_nonpos_lag_sequence"],"lean_replay":"not_attempted","lean_route":"sign","normal_form":"P_n = A_n(x) P_(n-1) + V_n(x) P'_(n-1) + W_n(x) P_(n-2) for n >= 3, with A_n(x) = (1) + (1) x, V_n(x) = 0, W_n(x) = (1) x","recurrence":{"first_index":0,"initial_polynomials":[["1"],["1"]],"recurrence":{"terms":[{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["1","1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":1,"sign":"none"},{"coeff":{"coeffs":[["0","1"]]},"deriv_order":0,"offset":2,"sign":"none"}]},"schema":"polytool.recurrence.v1"},"reference":"L. L. Liu and Y. Wang, A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros, Adv. in Appl. Math. 38 (2007) 542-560, Theorem 2.1 with the interlacers f' and the lag row (strict form, as in the derivative-lag theorems of the RealRooted library, https://github.com/PerAlexandersson/RealRooted), with nonnegativity of the coefficients replaced by an exact induction keeping every root in (-inf, 0)","schema":"polytool.recurrence-real-rootedness-theorem.v1","start_delay":1,"status":"proved","theorem":"liu_wang_derivative_lag"},"parent_proof":{"attempts":[{"detail":"the rule is not P_(n+k) = c(x) P_n with c free of n","route":"periodic_product","success":false,"variant":"P_(n+k) = c(x) P_n"},{"detail":"no theorem matched (weighted_renewal_window: support must satisfy offset = 1 + ell * t_degree; fixed_delay_predecessor_window: more than one weighted lag)","route":"paper_theorem","success":false,"variant":"match_recurrence_theorems"},{"detail":"not applicable: c_2(n, x) = gamma(n) w(x) with w neither constant nor a constant times a square (x + v_0)^2","route":"three_term_recurrence","success":false,"variant":"three_term_recurrence"},{"detail":"not applicable: the rule is not f(n) P_n = c_0(n, x) P_(n-1) + c_1(n, x) P'_(n-1)","route":"liu_wang","success":false,"variant":"liu_wang"},{"detail":"induction start moved 1 row(s) past the seeds: P_n = A_n(x) P_(n-1) + V_n(x) P'_(n-1) + W_n(x) P_(n-2) for n >= 3, with A_n(x) = (1) + (1) x, V_n(x) = 0, W_n(x) = (1) x: every P_n, n >= 0, is nonzero and real-rooted with every root in (-inf, 0) (so its coefficients have one sign); for n >= 2, P_n has simple roots and P_(n-1) strictly interlaces P_n (no common root), and deg P_n = deg P_(n-1) + 1 for n >= 3; the rule is applied from n = 3 on in the induction (start moved 1 row(s) past the supplied seeds; P_0, ..., P_2 enter as seed rows, checked exactly)","route":"liu_wang_derivative_lag","success":true,"variant":"liu_wang_derivative_lag"}],"conditional_on":[],"interlacing":{"from_index":2,"justification":{"premises":["every hypothesis of the theorem is verified exactly for every index: P_n = A_n(x) P_(n-1) + V_n(x) P'_(n-1) + W_n(x) P_(n-2) for n >= 3, with A_n(x) = (1) + (1) x, V_n(x) = 0, W_n(x) = (1) x","every P_n, n >= 0, is nonzero and real-rooted with every root in (-inf, 0) (so its coefficients have one sign); for n >= 2, P_n has simple roots and P_(n-1) strictly interlaces P_n (no common root), and deg P_n = deg P_(n-1) + 1 for n >= 3; the rule is applied from n = 3 on in the induction (start moved 1 row(s) past the supplied seeds; P_0, ..., P_2 enter as seed rows, checked exactly)"],"theorem":"liu_wang_derivative_lag: L. L. Liu and Y. Wang, A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros, Adv. in Appl. Math. 38 (2007) 542-560, Theorem 2.1 with the interlacers f' and the lag row (strict form, as in the derivative-lag theorems of the RealRooted library, https://github.com/PerAlexandersson/RealRooted), with nonnegativity of the coefficients replaced by an exact induction keeping every root in (-inf, 0)"},"kind":"strict","orientation":"previous_interlaces_next"},"route":"liu_wang_derivative_lag","rows_checked":10,"statement":"every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign","status":"proved"},"rows_compared":16,"schema":"polytool.recurrence-preserver-image.v1","statement":"proved: Q_n = lambda(n) T_n(P_(n+0)) with T = f(n, theta) = 1 + (1) theta for every n >= 0, the side conditions hold for every n, and every parent row P_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with coefficients of one sign; so every Q_n, n >= 0, is zero or real-rooted with roots in (-inf, 0]"},"kind":"preserver_image"}